fix(desktop): back off failed app loads and offer a retry (#2980 )

fix(push): preview forwarded message content (#2979 )
fix(push): stop sending notifications for system messages (#2978 )
2026-10-08 03:32:27 +09:00 · 2026-09-27 16:18:01 +02:00 · 2026-09-27 13:33:22 +02:00 · 2026-09-27 13:33:18 +02:00 · 2026-09-26 13:48:23 +02:00 · 2026-09-25 22:33:50 +02:00
777 changed files with 84549 additions and 40514 deletions
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ARG USER_UID=1000
 ARG USER_GID=1000
 ARG NODE_MAJOR=26
 ARG ELP_VERSION=2026-08-10
-ARG PNPM_VERSION=12.4.2
+ARG PNPM_VERSION=11.27.0
 ARG WASM_BINDGEN_VERSION=0.2.128

 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
@@ -38,7 +38,11 @@
 	"customizations": {
 		"vscode": {
 			"settings": {
-				"editor.defaultFormatter": "biomejs.biome"
+				"editor.defaultFormatter": "biomejs.biome",
+				"erlang.includePaths": ["."],
+				"search.exclude": {
+					"**/_build/default/lib/fluxer_gateway": true
+				}
 			},
 			"extensions": [
 				"biomejs.biome",
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 /fluxer_docs/.astro/
 /fluxer_app/.devserver-cache.json
 /fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxcore/
+/fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxwebp/
 /fluxer_app/src/features/i18n/locales/*/messages.mjs
 /fluxer_app/src/features/messaging/utils/markdown/parser/MarkdownParserWasmBytes.ts
 /fluxer_app/src/features/theme/styles/generated/
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ f:media_proxy:
 f:messages:
  - changed-files:
    - any-glob-to-any-file: fluxer_messages/**/*
+f:push:
+  - changed-files:
+    - any-glob-to-any-file: fluxer_push/**/*
 f:snowflakes:
  - changed-files:
    - any-glob-to-any-file: fluxer_snowflakes/**/*
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ jobs:
      BUILD_VERSION: ${{ needs.meta.outputs.build_version }}
      PUBLIC_ASSET_BASE_URL: ""
      BUNDLE_LOCAL_ASSETS: "true"
-      FLUXER_APP_PROXY_TIME_FREEZE_ENABLED: "false"
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
        env:
@@ -155,7 +154,6 @@ jobs:
            BUILD_VERSION=${{ needs.meta.outputs.build_version }}
            SOURCE_SHA=${{ github.sha }}
            SOURCE_DATE=${{ steps.source.outputs.date }}
-            FLUXER_APP_PROXY_TIME_FREEZE_ENABLED=false
            APP_ASSETS_REF=ghcr.io/${{ env.GHCR_OWNER }}/fluxer-app-proxy-self-hosted:${{ needs.meta.outputs.build_version }}-assets
            APP_ASSETS_PLATFORM=linux/amd64
          cache-from: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/${{ env.GHCR_OWNER }}/fluxer-app-proxy-self-hosted:buildcache-${{ matrix.platform }}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+name: build push
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      build-version:
+        description: "Explicit Fluxer CalVer build version (YYYY.MDD.MICRO, UTC HHMMSS without leading zeroes) to use instead of automatic UTC clock allocation"
+        type: string
+        required: false
+        default: ""
+
+permissions:
+  actions: read
+  contents: write
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+  approve:
+    name: approve build release
+    permissions: {}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    environment: builds
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    steps:
+      - name: approved
+        run: echo "Build release approved."
+
+  image:
+    needs: approve
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_build-image.yaml
+    secrets: inherit
+    with:
+      image: fluxer-push
+      dockerfile: fluxer_push/Dockerfile
+      build-version: ${{ inputs['build-version'] }}
@@ -123,12 +123,16 @@ jobs:
        with:
          path: |
            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxcore
+            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxwebp
            fluxer_app/src/features/messaging/utils/markdown/parser/MarkdownParserWasmBytes.ts
          key: >-
            app-wasm-${{ runner.os }}-1.98.1-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.lock', 'tools/ci/src/app_wasm.rs',
            'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.js', 'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.d.ts',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.lock',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/.cargo/config.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/src/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.lock',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/src/**', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/shim/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/simd/**',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/Cargo.toml', 'packages/markdown_parser/rust/.cargo/config.toml',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/src/**') }}

@@ -142,12 +146,16 @@ jobs:
        with:
          path: |
            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxcore
+            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxwebp
            fluxer_app/src/features/messaging/utils/markdown/parser/MarkdownParserWasmBytes.ts
          key: >-
            app-wasm-${{ runner.os }}-1.98.1-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.lock', 'tools/ci/src/app_wasm.rs',
            'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.js', 'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.d.ts',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.lock',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/.cargo/config.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/src/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.lock',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/src/**', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/shim/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/simd/**',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/Cargo.toml', 'packages/markdown_parser/rust/.cargo/config.toml',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/src/**') }}

@@ -190,6 +198,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Check Rust dependencies
        run: cargo deny --locked check -D warnings

+      - name: Check libfluxwebp dependencies
+        run: cargo deny --manifest-path fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.toml --config deny.toml --locked check licenses bans sources
+
      - name: Check desktop native dependencies
        run: tools/ci/check-desktop-native-workspaces.sh dependencies

@@ -242,6 +253,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Check formatting
        run: cargo fmt --all -- --check

+      - name: Check formatting (libfluxwebp)
+        run: cargo fmt --manifest-path fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.toml -- --check
+
      - name: Check formatting (desktop native workspaces)
        run: tools/ci/check-desktop-native-workspaces.sh fmt

@@ -398,12 +412,16 @@ jobs:
        with:
          path: |
            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxcore
+            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxwebp
            fluxer_app/src/features/messaging/utils/markdown/parser/MarkdownParserWasmBytes.ts
          key: >-
            app-wasm-${{ runner.os }}-1.98.1-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.lock', 'tools/ci/src/app_wasm.rs',
            'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.js', 'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.d.ts',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.lock',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/.cargo/config.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/src/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.lock',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/src/**', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/shim/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/simd/**',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/Cargo.toml', 'packages/markdown_parser/rust/.cargo/config.toml',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/src/**') }}

@@ -417,12 +435,16 @@ jobs:
        with:
          path: |
            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxcore
+            fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxwebp
            fluxer_app/src/features/messaging/utils/markdown/parser/MarkdownParserWasmBytes.ts
          key: >-
            app-wasm-${{ runner.os }}-1.98.1-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.lock', 'tools/ci/src/app_wasm.rs',
            'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.js', 'tools/ci/templates/libfluxcore_wrapper.d.ts',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/Cargo.lock',
            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/.cargo/config.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxcore/src/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.toml', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/Cargo.lock',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/src/**', 'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/shim/**',
+            'fluxer_app/rust/libfluxwebp/simd/**',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/Cargo.toml', 'packages/markdown_parser/rust/.cargo/config.toml',
            'packages/markdown_parser/rust/src/**') }}

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 /.direnv/
 /.fluxer/
 /.pnpm-store/
+/.vscode/

 **/*.css.d.ts
 **/*.tsbuildinfo
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@

 /fluxer_app/.devserver-cache.json
 /fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxcore/
+/fluxer_app/pkgs/libfluxwebp/
 /fluxer_app/src/features/i18n/locales/*/messages.mjs
 /fluxer_app/src/features/messaging/utils/markdown/parser/MarkdownParserWasmBytes.ts
 /fluxer_app/src/features/theme/styles/generated/
@@ -1607,6 +1607,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "ff",
 "generic-array",
 "group",
+ "hkdf",
 "pem-rfc7468",
 "pkcs8",
 "rand_core 0.6.4",
@@ -1755,16 +1756,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "zip",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "fluxer-content-update-frozen-snapshot"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "base64 0.23.1",
- "sha2 0.11.0",
- "tempfile",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fluxer-dev"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1891,6 +1882,32 @@ dependencies = [
 "url",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "fluxer-push"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "axum",
+ "base64 0.23.1",
+ "clap",
+ "fluxer-svc",
+ "futures",
+ "hmac 0.13.0",
+ "p256",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "rand 0.10.2",
+ "reqwest",
+ "ring",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2 0.11.0",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+ "url",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fluxer-snowflakes"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -2318,6 +2335,15 @@ version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7f24254aa9a54b5c858eaee2f5bccdb46aaf0e486a595ed5fd8f86ba55232a70"

+[[package]]
+name = "hkdf"
+version = "0.12.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b5f8eb2ad728638ea2c7d47a21db23b7b58a72ed6a38256b8a1849f15fbbdf7"
+dependencies = [
+ "hmac 0.12.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hmac"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -3903,6 +3929,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-channel",
 "futures-core",
 "futures-util",
+ "h2",
 "http 1.5.0",
 "http-body 1.1.0",
 "http-body-util",
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ members = [
 	"fluxer_gifs",
 	"fluxer_svc",
 	"fluxer_messages",
+	"fluxer_push",
 	"fluxer_snowflakes",
 	"tools/ci",
-	"tools/content/update-frozen-snapshot",
 	"tools/dev",
 	"tools/i18n_auto",
 	"fluxer_users",
@@ -6,18 +6,172 @@
 </p>

 <p align="center">
-  <a href="https://fluxer.app/donate">
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Donate-fluxer.app%2Fdonate-brightgreen" alt="Donate" /></a>
+  <a href="https://fluxer.app/download">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Download-fluxer.app-4641D9" alt="Download" /></a>
  <a href="https://docs.fluxer.app">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Docs-docs.fluxer.app-blue" alt="Documentation" /></a>
+  <a href="https://fluxer.app/donate">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Donate-fluxer.app%2Fdonate-brightgreen" alt="Donate" /></a>
  <a href="./LICENSE">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/License-AGPLv3-purple" alt="AGPLv3 License" /></a>
 </p>

+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://flathub.org/apps/app.fluxer.Fluxer">
+    <img src="https://dl.flathub.org/assets/badges/flathub-badge-en.svg" alt="Get it on Flathub" height="60" /></a>
+</p>
+
 # Fluxer

 Fluxer is a free and open source instant messaging and VoIP chat app built for friends, groups, and communities.

 <p align="center">
-  <img src="./fluxer_static/marketing/screenshots/desktop-readme-1920w.png" alt="Fluxer app showcase" width="900">
+  <img src="./fluxer_static/marketing/screenshots/desktop-readme-1920w.png" alt="Fluxer running side by side on a desktop monitor and a phone" width="640">
 </p>
+
+## Download
+
+| Windows | macOS | Linux | Android | iOS |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [Installer (x64)][win-setup-x64] | [Disk image][mac-dmg] | [Flathub][flathub] | [APK][android-apk] | [TestFlight][ios-testflight] |
+| [Installer (ARM64)][win-setup-arm64] | | [deb (x64)][linux-deb-x64] | [Obtainium][obtainium] | |
+| [Portable (x64)][win-portable-x64] | | [deb (ARM64)][linux-deb-arm64] | | |
+| [Portable (ARM64)][win-portable-arm64] | | [rpm (x64)][linux-rpm-x64] | | |
+| | | [rpm (ARM64)][linux-rpm-arm64] | | |
+| | | [AppImage (x64)][linux-appimage-x64] | | |
+| | | [AppImage (ARM64)][linux-appimage-arm64] | | |
+| | | [tar.gz (x64)][linux-targz-x64] | | |
+| | | [tar.gz (ARM64)][linux-targz-arm64] | | |
+
+The macOS disk image runs on both Apple silicon and Intel. Windows and Linux need the build matching your processor.
+
+On Linux, prefer a repository over a single file so Fluxer updates with the rest of your system.
+
+## Linux package repositories
+
+The package is `fluxer` for stable and `fluxer-canary` for canary. apt and dnf subscribe to one channel per entry file. pacman and Flatpak serve both from one repository.
+
+### Flatpak
+
+Stable is on [Flathub][flathub], the easiest route on most desktops:
+
+```sh
+flatpak install flathub app.fluxer.Fluxer
+```
+
+Flathub has stable only. To use Fluxer's own repository, open [the stable][flatpak-ref] or [the canary][flatpak-canary-ref] reference file and your software manager takes over. Some desktops also accept `flatpak+https://pkgs.fluxer.com/flatpak/fluxer.flatpakref` in the address bar.
+
+From a terminal:
+
+```sh
+flatpak install https://pkgs.fluxer.com/flatpak/fluxer.flatpakref
+```
+
+### Debian and Ubuntu
+
+```sh
+sudo install -d -m 0755 /etc/apt/keyrings
+sudo curl -fsSL -o /etc/apt/keyrings/fluxer-archive-keyring.gpg https://pkgs.fluxer.com/keys/fluxer-archive-keyring.gpg
+sudo curl -fsSL -o /etc/apt/sources.list.d/fluxer.sources https://pkgs.fluxer.com/deb/fluxer.sources
+sudo apt update && sudo apt install fluxer
+```
+
+For canary, use the canary entry file and package.
+
+```sh
+sudo curl -fsSL -o /etc/apt/sources.list.d/fluxer-canary.sources https://pkgs.fluxer.com/deb/fluxer-canary.sources
+sudo apt update && sudo apt install fluxer-canary
+```
+
+A `.deb` installed from a download only updates once its channel's entry is added.
+
+### Fedora and RHEL
+
+```sh
+sudo curl -fsSL -o /etc/yum.repos.d/fluxer.repo https://pkgs.fluxer.com/rpm/fluxer.repo
+sudo dnf install fluxer
+```
+
+For canary, use the canary entry file and package.
+
+```sh
+sudo curl -fsSL -o /etc/yum.repos.d/fluxer-canary.repo https://pkgs.fluxer.com/rpm/fluxer-canary.repo
+sudo dnf install fluxer-canary
+```
+
+RHEL, Rocky, Alma and CentOS Stream need `sudo dnf install epel-release` first, because their base repositories lack `libXScrnSaver`. Fedora does not.
+
+### Arch Linux
+
+The repository is signed, so pacman needs the key once:
+
+```sh
+sudo pacman-key --init
+curl -fsSL -o /tmp/fluxer-archive-keyring.asc https://pkgs.fluxer.com/keys/fluxer-archive-keyring.asc
+sudo pacman-key --add /tmp/fluxer-archive-keyring.asc
+sudo pacman-key --lsign-key 09D01339EE128925F75E675C855C5BDE34D205D2
+```
+
+`--lsign-key` is what makes pacman trust it. Then add the repository:
+
+```sh
+sudo tee -a /etc/pacman.conf >/dev/null <<'REPO'
+
+[fluxer]
+SigLevel = Required TrustedOnly
+Server = https://pkgs.fluxer.com/arch/$repo/os/$arch
+REPO
+sudo pacman -Syu fluxer
+```
+
+Write `$repo` and `$arch` literally. Both are pacman variables, not shell ones, hence the quoted heredoc.
+
+Full setup notes, including canary, are in the [Linux repositories documentation][docs-linux].
+
+## Other ways to run it
+
+- [Open Fluxer in a browser](https://web.fluxer.app), no install needed.
+- [Host your own instance][docs-selfhost] from this repository.
+
+## Documentation
+
+- [Documentation home][docs]
+- [Downloads][docs-downloads]
+- [Self-hosting][docs-selfhost]
+
+## License
+
+The source is licensed under the [AGPL-3.0-or-later](./LICENSE) license.
+
+Fluxer branding, icons, default avatars, badge artwork, screenshots and marketing
+imagery are copyright Fluxer, all rights reserved, as set out in
+[fluxer_static/LICENSE](./fluxer_static/LICENSE). Third-party material keeps its own
+terms, listed in
+[fluxer_static/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.md](./fluxer_static/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.md).
+
+Public availability of this repository does not grant trademark, brand, or
+endorsement rights.
+
+[win-setup-x64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/win32/x64/latest/setup
+[win-setup-arm64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/win32/arm64/latest/setup
+[win-portable-x64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/win32/x64/latest/portable
+[win-portable-arm64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/win32/arm64/latest/portable
+[mac-dmg]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/darwin/arm64/latest/dmg
+[linux-deb-x64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/x64/latest/deb
+[linux-deb-arm64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/arm64/latest/deb
+[linux-rpm-x64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/x64/latest/rpm
+[linux-rpm-arm64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/arm64/latest/rpm
+[linux-appimage-x64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/x64/latest/appimage
+[linux-appimage-arm64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/arm64/latest/appimage
+[linux-targz-x64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/x64/latest/tar_gz
+[linux-targz-arm64]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/desktop/stable/linux/arm64/latest/tar_gz
+[flatpak-ref]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/flatpak/fluxer.flatpakref
+[flatpak-canary-ref]: https://pkgs.fluxer.com/flatpak/fluxer-canary.flatpakref
+[flathub]: https://flathub.org/apps/app.fluxer.Fluxer
+[android-apk]: https://github.com/fluxerapp/flutter_client/releases
+[obtainium]: https://obtainium.imranr.dev/
+[ios-testflight]: https://testflight.apple.com/join/PKZR6pK9
+[docs]: https://docs.fluxer.app
+[docs-downloads]: https://docs.fluxer.app/downloads/overview/
+[docs-linux]: https://docs.fluxer.app/downloads/linux-repositories/
+[docs-selfhost]: https://docs.fluxer.app/operator/get-started/
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ FLUXER_S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=fluxer-secret
 FLUXER_S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE=true
 FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN=fluxer
 FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS=fluxer-uploads
-FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS=fluxer-downloads
 FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS=fluxer-reports
 FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS=fluxer-harvests
 FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_STATIC=fluxer-static
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ MEILI_MASTER_KEY=CHANGE_ME
 # exist already.
 #FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN=fluxer
 #FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS=fluxer-uploads
-#FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS=fluxer-downloads
 #FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS=fluxer-reports
 #FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS=fluxer-harvests

@@ -148,6 +147,12 @@ FLUXER_VAPID_PRIVATE_KEY=CHANGE_ME
 #FLUXER_PASSKEY_ADDITIONAL_ALLOWED_ORIGINS=https://chat.example.com
 #FLUXER_PASSKEY_ADDITIONAL_ALLOWED_ORIGINS=http://chat.example.com:19080

+# Notification jobs the push container holds at once, 1 to 1000000.
+#FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_QUEUE_CAPACITY=10000
+# Provider requests the push container sends at once, 1 to 65536.
+#FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_SEND_CONCURRENCY=256
+
+
 # Optional media policies, both off by default. See the operator docs.
 #
 # CORS limits which web origins may read media. A request with no Origin is
@@ -246,6 +251,7 @@ FLUXER_DISCOVERY_ENABLED=true
 #FLUXER_GATEWAY_MEMORY_LIMIT=1gb
 #FLUXER_GATEWAY_MEMORY_RESERVATION=384mb
 #FLUXER_MEDIA_PROXY_MEMORY_LIMIT=512mb
+#FLUXER_PUSH_MEMORY_LIMIT=256mb
 #FLUXER_STATIC_PROXY_MEMORY_LIMIT=256mb
 #FLUXER_APP_PROXY_MEMORY_LIMIT=256mb
 #FLUXER_SNOWFLAKES_MEMORY_LIMIT=128mb
@@ -282,6 +288,7 @@ FLUXER_DISCOVERY_ENABLED=true
 #FLUXER_POSTGRES_WORK_MEM=8MB
 #FLUXER_POSTGRES_MAINTENANCE_WORK_MEM=256MB
 #FLUXER_POSTGRES_AUTOVACUUM_WORK_MEM=128MB
+#FLUXER_POSTGRES_SHM_SIZE=1gb

 # The bundled Valkey holds durable state as well as cache, so it runs with an
 # append-only file and with noeviction, which fails an over-limit write instead
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ x-fluxer-env: &fluxer-env
  FLUXER_S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE: "${FLUXER_S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE:-true}"
  FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN:-fluxer}
  FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS:-fluxer-uploads}
-  FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS:-fluxer-downloads}
  FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS:-fluxer-reports}
  FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS:-fluxer-harvests}
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${FLUXER_S3_ACCESS_KEY:?set FLUXER_S3_ACCESS_KEY in .env}
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ services:
      -c autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit=2000
      -c track_io_timing=on
      -c shared_preload_libraries=pg_stat_statements
-    shm_size: 256mb
+    shm_size: ${FLUXER_POSTGRES_SHM_SIZE:-1gb}
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: fluxer
      POSTGRES_USER: fluxer
@@ -295,14 +294,13 @@ services:
      FLUXER_S3_SECRET_KEY: ${FLUXER_S3_SECRET_KEY:?set FLUXER_S3_SECRET_KEY in .env}
      FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN:-fluxer}
      FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS:-fluxer-uploads}
-      FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS:-fluxer-downloads}
      FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS:-fluxer-reports}
      FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS: ${FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS:-fluxer-harvests}
    entrypoint:
      - /bin/sh
      - -c
      - >
-        buckets="$$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_DOWNLOADS $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS";
+        buckets="$$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_CDN $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_UPLOADS $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_REPORTS $$FLUXER_S3_BUCKET_HARVESTS";
        missing="$$buckets";
        for attempt in $$(seq 1 60); do
          if ! nc -z seaweedfs 9333 2>/dev/null; then
@@ -484,6 +482,30 @@ services:
      seaweedfs-init: {condition: service_completed_successfully}
      nats: {condition: service_healthy}

+  push:
+    <<: *fluxer-service
+    image: ${FLUXER_REGISTRY:-ghcr.io/${FLUXER_REGISTRY_OWNER:-fluxerapp}}/fluxer-push:${FLUXER_IMAGE_TAG:-v1}
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        limits:
+          memory: ${FLUXER_PUSH_MEMORY_LIMIT:-256mb}
+    environment:
+      <<: *fluxer-env
+      FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_HOST: 0.0.0.0
+      FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_PORT: "8126"
+      FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_QUEUE_CAPACITY: "${FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_QUEUE_CAPACITY:-}"
+      FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_SEND_CONCURRENCY: "${FLUXER_PUSH_SERVICE_SEND_CONCURRENCY:-}"
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "/usr/local/bin/fluxer-push", "healthcheck"]
+      interval: 10s
+      timeout: 5s
+      retries: 30
+      start_period: 60s
+      start_interval: 1s
+    depends_on:
+      nats: {condition: service_healthy}
+      api: {condition: service_healthy}
+
  static-proxy:
    <<: *fluxer-service
    image: ${FLUXER_REGISTRY:-ghcr.io/${FLUXER_REGISTRY_OWNER:-fluxerapp}}/fluxer-static:${FLUXER_IMAGE_TAG:-v1}
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ WORKDIR /usr/src/app

 RUN apt-get update \
 	&& apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates nodejs npm pkg-config \
-	&& npm install -g pnpm@12.4.2 \
+	&& npm install -g pnpm@11.27.0 \
 	&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

 RUN npm install --no-audit --no-fund @tailwindcss/[email protected] [email protected]
@@ -10524,6 +10524,8 @@
 					},
 					"gateway_rollout": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/GatewayRolloutConfigResponse"},
 					"voice_noise_suppression": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse"},
+					"push_service_delivery": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse"},
+					"domain_migration": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/DomainMigrationConfigResponse"},
 					"experiment_delivery": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse"},
 					"registration": {
 						"type": "object",
@@ -10951,6 +10953,8 @@
 					"sso",
 					"gateway_rollout",
 					"voice_noise_suppression",
+					"push_service_delivery",
+					"domain_migration",
 					"experiment_delivery",
 					"registration",
 					"self_hosted",
@@ -11085,6 +11089,14 @@
 						"nullable": true,
 						"allOf": [{"$ref": "#/components/schemas/VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigUpdateRequest"}]
 					},
+					"push_service_delivery": {
+						"nullable": true,
+						"allOf": [{"$ref": "#/components/schemas/PushServiceDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest"}]
+					},
+					"domain_migration": {
+						"nullable": true,
+						"allOf": [{"$ref": "#/components/schemas/DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest"}]
+					},
 					"experiment_delivery": {
 						"nullable": true,
 						"allOf": [{"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ExperimentDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest"}]
@@ -15178,6 +15190,44 @@
 					"poll_jitter_percent": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 50}
 				}
 			},
+			"DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest": {
+				"type": "object",
+				"properties": {
+					"enabled": {"type": "boolean"},
+					"rollout_basis_points": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10000},
+					"rollout_salt": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1, "maxLength": 64, "pattern": "^[\\x20-\\x7e]+$"},
+					"included_user_ids": {
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					},
+					"excluded_user_ids": {
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					},
+					"anonymous_rollout_basis_points": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10000},
+					"standalone_forwarding": {"type": "boolean"}
+				}
+			},
+			"PushServiceDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest": {
+				"type": "object",
+				"properties": {
+					"enabled": {"type": "boolean"},
+					"rollout_basis_points": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10000},
+					"rollout_salt": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1, "maxLength": 64, "pattern": "^[\\x20-\\x7e]+$"},
+					"included_user_ids": {
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					},
+					"excluded_user_ids": {
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					}
+				}
+			},
 			"VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigUpdateRequest": {
 				"type": "object",
 				"properties": {
@@ -15243,6 +15293,82 @@
 				"required": ["poll_interval_seconds", "poll_jitter_percent"],
 				"additionalProperties": false
 			},
+			"DomainMigrationConfigResponse": {
+				"type": "object",
+				"properties": {
+					"enabled": {"default": false, "type": "boolean"},
+					"config_version": {"default": 0, "type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 9007199254740991},
+					"rollout_basis_points": {"default": 0, "type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10000},
+					"rollout_salt": {
+						"default": "domain-migration-v1",
+						"type": "string",
+						"minLength": 1,
+						"maxLength": 64,
+						"pattern": "^[\\x20-\\x7e]+$"
+					},
+					"included_user_ids": {
+						"default": [],
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					},
+					"excluded_user_ids": {
+						"default": [],
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					},
+					"anonymous_rollout_basis_points": {"default": 0, "type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10000},
+					"standalone_forwarding": {"default": false, "type": "boolean"}
+				},
+				"required": [
+					"enabled",
+					"config_version",
+					"rollout_basis_points",
+					"rollout_salt",
+					"included_user_ids",
+					"excluded_user_ids",
+					"anonymous_rollout_basis_points",
+					"standalone_forwarding"
+				],
+				"additionalProperties": false
+			},
+			"PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse": {
+				"type": "object",
+				"properties": {
+					"enabled": {"default": false, "type": "boolean"},
+					"config_version": {"default": 0, "type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 9007199254740991},
+					"rollout_basis_points": {"default": 0, "type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10000},
+					"rollout_salt": {
+						"default": "push-service-delivery-v1",
+						"type": "string",
+						"minLength": 1,
+						"maxLength": 64,
+						"pattern": "^[\\x20-\\x7e]+$"
+					},
+					"included_user_ids": {
+						"default": [],
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					},
+					"excluded_user_ids": {
+						"default": [],
+						"maxItems": 1000,
+						"type": "array",
+						"items": {"type": "string", "pattern": "^\\d{1,20}$"}
+					}
+				},
+				"required": [
+					"enabled",
+					"config_version",
+					"rollout_basis_points",
+					"rollout_salt",
+					"included_user_ids",
+					"excluded_user_ids"
+				],
+				"additionalProperties": false
+			},
 			"VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse": {
 				"type": "object",
 				"properties": {
@@ -15585,9 +15711,10 @@
 					"id": {"type": "string", "description": "The credential ID"},
 					"name": {"type": "string", "description": "User-assigned name for the credential"},
 					"created_at": {"type": "string", "description": "When the credential was registered"},
-					"last_used_at": {"nullable": true, "description": "When the credential was last used", "type": "string"}
+					"last_used_at": {"nullable": true, "description": "When the credential was last used", "type": "string"},
+					"rp_id": {"type": "string", "description": "Relying party ID the passkey belongs to"}
 				},
-				"required": ["id", "name", "created_at", "last_used_at"],
+				"required": ["id", "name", "created_at", "last_used_at", "rp_id"],
 				"additionalProperties": false
 			},
 			"VoiceServerAdminResponse": {
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ pub struct InstanceConfigResponse {
    #[serde(default)]
    pub voice_noise_suppression: VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse,
    #[serde(default)]
+    pub push_service_delivery: PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub domain_migration: DomainMigrationConfigResponse,
+    #[serde(default)]
    pub experiment_delivery: ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse,
 }

@@ -446,7 +450,9 @@ impl VoiceE2eeScope {
    }
 }

-pub const VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS: usize = 1_000;
+pub const EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS: usize = 1_000;
+pub const PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_DEFAULT_SALT: &str = "push-service-delivery-v1";
+pub const DOMAIN_MIGRATION_DEFAULT_SALT: &str = "domain-migration-v1";
 pub const VOICE_NS_MAX_GUILD_OVERRIDES: usize = 200;

 impl NoiseSuppressionBackend {
@@ -537,6 +543,90 @@ pub struct VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigUpdateRequest {
    pub suppression_strength: Option<u32>,
 }

+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub config_version: u64,
+    pub rollout_basis_points: u32,
+    pub rollout_salt: String,
+    pub included_user_ids: Vec<String>,
+    pub excluded_user_ids: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl Default for PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            config_version: 0,
+            rollout_basis_points: 0,
+            rollout_salt: PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_DEFAULT_SALT.to_owned(),
+            included_user_ids: Vec::new(),
+            excluded_user_ids: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Serialize)]
+pub struct PushServiceDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub enabled: Option<bool>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub rollout_basis_points: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub rollout_salt: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub included_user_ids: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub excluded_user_ids: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct DomainMigrationConfigResponse {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub config_version: u64,
+    pub rollout_basis_points: u32,
+    pub rollout_salt: String,
+    pub included_user_ids: Vec<String>,
+    pub excluded_user_ids: Vec<String>,
+    pub anonymous_rollout_basis_points: u32,
+    pub standalone_forwarding: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for DomainMigrationConfigResponse {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            config_version: 0,
+            rollout_basis_points: 0,
+            rollout_salt: DOMAIN_MIGRATION_DEFAULT_SALT.to_owned(),
+            included_user_ids: Vec::new(),
+            excluded_user_ids: Vec::new(),
+            anonymous_rollout_basis_points: 0,
+            standalone_forwarding: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Serialize)]
+pub struct DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub enabled: Option<bool>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub rollout_basis_points: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub rollout_salt: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub included_user_ids: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub excluded_user_ids: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub anonymous_rollout_basis_points: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub standalone_forwarding: Option<bool>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
 #[serde(default)]
 pub struct ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse {
@@ -653,6 +743,10 @@ pub struct InstanceConfigUpdateRequest {
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub voice_noise_suppression: Option<VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigUpdateRequest>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub push_service_delivery: Option<PushServiceDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub domain_migration: Option<DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub experiment_delivery: Option<ExperimentDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest>,
 }

@@ -990,18 +1084,30 @@ mod tests {
                .expect("admin schema");
        let noise = serde_json::from_value::<VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse>(json!({}))
            .expect("default noise config");
+        let domain_migration = serde_json::from_value::<DomainMigrationConfigResponse>(json!({}))
+            .expect("default domain migration config");
        let delivery = serde_json::from_value::<ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse>(json!({}))
            .expect("default delivery config");
        let noise = serde_json::to_value(noise).expect("serializable noise config");
+        let domain_migration =
+            serde_json::to_value(domain_migration).expect("serializable domain migration config");
        let delivery = serde_json::to_value(delivery).expect("serializable delivery config");
        let generated_noise: generated_types::VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse =
            serde_json::from_value(noise.clone()).expect("generated noise config contract");
+        let generated_domain_migration: generated_types::DomainMigrationConfigResponse =
+            serde_json::from_value(domain_migration.clone())
+                .expect("generated domain migration config contract");
        let generated_delivery: generated_types::ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse =
            serde_json::from_value(delivery.clone()).expect("generated delivery config contract");
        assert_eq!(
            serde_json::to_value(generated_noise).expect("serializable generated noise config"),
            noise
        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(generated_domain_migration)
+                .expect("serializable generated domain migration config"),
+            domain_migration
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            serde_json::to_value(generated_delivery)
                .expect("serializable generated delivery config"),
@@ -1009,6 +1115,7 @@ mod tests {
        );
        for (name, value) in [
            ("VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse", noise),
+            ("DomainMigrationConfigResponse", domain_migration),
            ("ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse", delivery),
        ] {
            for (field, value) in value.as_object().expect("config object") {
@@ -1044,4 +1151,27 @@ mod tests {
            json!({})
        );
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn domain_migration_update_preserves_empty_lists_and_omitted_fields() {
+        let update = DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest {
+            included_user_ids: Some(Vec::new()),
+            excluded_user_ids: Some(Vec::new()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let value = serde_json::to_value(update).expect("serializable update");
+        serde_json::from_value::<generated_types::DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest>(
+            value.clone(),
+        )
+        .expect("generated update contract");
+        assert_eq!(
+            value,
+            json!({"included_user_ids": [], "excluded_user_ids": []})
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest::default())
+                .expect("serializable update"),
+            json!({})
+        );
+    }
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ async fn reports_list(
        return reports_error_page(
            config,
            &auth.0,
-            "That page is out of range. The reports search returns at most the first 10000 reports, so narrow the filters and start again.",
+            "That page is out of range. The reports search returns at most the first 10000 reports. Narrow the filters and start again.",
        );
    }
    let search_query = query.q.as_deref().and_then(clean_string);
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ use crate::{
            AppBrandingConfigUpdateRequest, AppLegalConfigUpdateRequest,
            AppPublicConfigUpdateRequest, AppRegistrationConfigUpdateRequest,
            AppSetupConfigUpdateRequest, CreateRegistrationUrlRequest,
-            DeferredPhoneGateUpdateRequest, ExperimentDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest,
+            DeferredPhoneGateUpdateRequest, DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest,
+            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS, ExperimentDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest,
            GatewayRolloutConfigUpdateRequest, GatewayRolloutMode,
            InstanceAttachmentDecayUpdateRequest, InstanceBlueskyIntegrationUpdateRequest,
            InstanceBlueskyKeyIntegrationUpdateRequest, InstanceCaptchaIntegrationUpdateRequest,
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ use crate::{
            InstanceMediaUpdateRequest, InstancePolicyUpdateRequest,
            InstanceRegistrationConfigUpdateRequest, InstanceServicesUpdateRequest,
            InstanceYoutubeIntegrationUpdateRequest, LimitConfigUpdateRequest, LimitRule,
-            LimitRuleFilters, NoiseSuppressionBackend, PremiumMode, RegistrationMode,
-            SsoConfigUpdateRequest, VOICE_NS_MAX_GUILD_OVERRIDES, VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
-            VoiceE2eeScope, VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigUpdateRequest,
+            LimitRuleFilters, NoiseSuppressionBackend, PremiumMode,
+            PushServiceDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest, RegistrationMode, SsoConfigUpdateRequest,
+            VOICE_NS_MAX_GUILD_OVERRIDES, VoiceE2eeScope, VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigUpdateRequest,
            VoiceNoiseSuppressionGuildOverride,
        },
    },
@@ -207,6 +208,14 @@ pub async fn instance_config_post(
            Ok(update) => instance_config_result(client.update_instance_config(&update).await),
            Err(message) => FlashData::error(message),
        },
+        "update_push_service_delivery" => match build_push_service_delivery_update(&form) {
+            Ok(update) => instance_config_result(client.update_instance_config(&update).await),
+            Err(message) => FlashData::error(message),
+        },
+        "update_domain_migration" => match build_domain_migration_update(&form) {
+            Ok(update) => instance_config_result(client.update_instance_config(&update).await),
+            Err(message) => FlashData::error(message),
+        },
        "update_experiment_delivery" => match build_experiment_delivery_update(&form) {
            Ok(update) => instance_config_result(client.update_instance_config(&update).await),
            Err(message) => FlashData::error(message),
@@ -492,6 +501,21 @@ fn parse_experiment_rollout_salt(
    Ok(Some(salt.to_owned()))
 }

+fn parse_ascii_experiment_rollout_salt(
+    form: &MultiValueForm,
+    key: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    let salt = parse_experiment_rollout_salt(form, key)?;
+    if let Some(value) = salt.as_deref()
+        && !value
+            .bytes()
+            .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_graphic() || byte == b' ')
+    {
+        return Err("Rollout salt must use printable ASCII".to_owned());
+    }
+    Ok(salt)
+}
+
 fn is_experiment_snowflake(value: &str) -> bool {
    !value.is_empty()
        && value.len() <= EXPERIMENT_MAX_SNOWFLAKE_LENGTH
@@ -514,9 +538,9 @@ fn parse_experiment_user_ids(value: &str, label: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, St
        if ids.iter().any(|existing| existing == candidate) {
            continue;
        }
-        if ids.len() == VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS {
+        if ids.len() == EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS {
            return Err(format!(
-                "{label} must contain at most {VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS} unique IDs"
+                "{label} must contain at most {EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS} unique IDs"
            ));
        }
        ids.push(candidate.to_owned());
@@ -629,6 +653,78 @@ fn build_voice_noise_suppression_update(
    })
 }

+fn build_push_service_delivery_update(
+    form: &MultiValueForm,
+) -> Result<InstanceConfigUpdateRequest, String> {
+    Ok(InstanceConfigUpdateRequest {
+        push_service_delivery: Some(PushServiceDeliveryConfigUpdateRequest {
+            enabled: Some(form.bool_value("push_service_delivery_enabled")),
+            rollout_basis_points: parse_form_number(
+                form,
+                "push_service_delivery_rollout_basis_points",
+                "Rollout basis points",
+                0,
+                EXPERIMENT_ROLLOUT_BASIS_POINTS_MAX,
+            )?,
+            rollout_salt: parse_ascii_experiment_rollout_salt(
+                form,
+                "push_service_delivery_rollout_salt",
+            )?,
+            included_user_ids: Some(parse_experiment_user_ids(
+                form.first("push_service_delivery_included_user_ids")
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                "Included user IDs",
+            )?),
+            excluded_user_ids: Some(parse_experiment_user_ids(
+                form.first("push_service_delivery_excluded_user_ids")
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                "Excluded user IDs",
+            )?),
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    })
+}
+
+fn build_domain_migration_update(
+    form: &MultiValueForm,
+) -> Result<InstanceConfigUpdateRequest, String> {
+    Ok(InstanceConfigUpdateRequest {
+        domain_migration: Some(DomainMigrationConfigUpdateRequest {
+            enabled: Some(form.bool_value("domain_migration_enabled")),
+            rollout_basis_points: parse_form_number(
+                form,
+                "domain_migration_rollout_basis_points",
+                "Rollout basis points",
+                0,
+                EXPERIMENT_ROLLOUT_BASIS_POINTS_MAX,
+            )?,
+            rollout_salt: parse_ascii_experiment_rollout_salt(
+                form,
+                "domain_migration_rollout_salt",
+            )?,
+            included_user_ids: Some(parse_experiment_user_ids(
+                form.first("domain_migration_included_user_ids")
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                "Included user IDs",
+            )?),
+            excluded_user_ids: Some(parse_experiment_user_ids(
+                form.first("domain_migration_excluded_user_ids")
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                "Excluded user IDs",
+            )?),
+            anonymous_rollout_basis_points: parse_form_number(
+                form,
+                "domain_migration_anonymous_rollout_basis_points",
+                "Anonymous rollout basis points",
+                0,
+                EXPERIMENT_ROLLOUT_BASIS_POINTS_MAX,
+            )?,
+            standalone_forwarding: Some(form.bool_value("domain_migration_standalone_forwarding")),
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    })
+}
+
 fn build_experiment_delivery_update(
    form: &MultiValueForm,
 ) -> Result<InstanceConfigUpdateRequest, String> {
@@ -1348,13 +1444,13 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn parse_experiment_user_ids_rejects_exceeding_the_cap() {
-        let value = (0..VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS)
+        let value = (0..EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS)
            .map(|index| index.to_string())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join("\n");
        let ids = parse_experiment_user_ids(&format!("{value}\n999"), "Included user IDs")
            .expect("valid IDs at cap");
-        assert_eq!(ids.len(), VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS);
+        assert_eq!(ids.len(), EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS);
        assert_eq!(ids.last(), Some(&"999".to_owned()));
        assert_eq!(
            parse_experiment_user_ids(&format!("{value}\n1000"), "Included user IDs")
@@ -1550,6 +1646,91 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn build_domain_migration_update_reads_the_rollout_fields() {
+        let form = MultiValueForm::parse(
+            b"domain_migration_enabled=true&domain_migration_rollout_basis_points=%20250%20&domain_migration_rollout_salt=%20domain-migration-v2%20&domain_migration_included_user_ids=1500000000000000001%0A1500000000000000002&domain_migration_excluded_user_ids=1500000000000000003%2C%201500000000000000004&domain_migration_anonymous_rollout_basis_points=%20100%20&domain_migration_standalone_forwarding=true",
+        );
+        let update = build_domain_migration_update(&form)
+            .expect("valid form")
+            .domain_migration
+            .expect("domain migration update");
+        assert_eq!(update.enabled, Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(update.rollout_basis_points, Some(250));
+        assert_eq!(update.rollout_salt, Some("domain-migration-v2".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            update.included_user_ids,
+            Some(vec![
+                "1500000000000000001".to_owned(),
+                "1500000000000000002".to_owned()
+            ])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            update.excluded_user_ids,
+            Some(vec![
+                "1500000000000000003".to_owned(),
+                "1500000000000000004".to_owned()
+            ])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(update.anonymous_rollout_basis_points, Some(100));
+        assert_eq!(update.standalone_forwarding, Some(true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_domain_migration_update_leaves_the_feature_inert_when_nothing_is_submitted() {
+        let form = MultiValueForm::parse(b"_csrf=token");
+        let request = build_domain_migration_update(&form).expect("valid form");
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(request).expect("serializable update"),
+            serde_json::json!({"domain_migration": {
+                "enabled": false,
+                "included_user_ids": [],
+                "excluded_user_ids": [],
+                "standalone_forwarding": false,
+            }})
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_domain_migration_update_rejects_invalid_rollout_fields() {
+        for (form, message) in [
+            (
+                "domain_migration_rollout_basis_points=10001",
+                "Rollout basis points must be a whole number between 0 and 10000",
+            ),
+            (
+                "domain_migration_anonymous_rollout_basis_points=10001",
+                "Anonymous rollout basis points must be a whole number between 0 and 10000",
+            ),
+            (
+                "domain_migration_anonymous_rollout_basis_points=abc",
+                "Anonymous rollout basis points must be a whole number between 0 and 10000",
+            ),
+            (
+                "domain_migration_rollout_salt=%20%20",
+                "Rollout salt must be between 1 and 64 characters",
+            ),
+            (
+                "domain_migration_rollout_salt=caf%C3%A9",
+                "Rollout salt must use printable ASCII",
+            ),
+            (
+                "domain_migration_included_user_ids=123%2Cinvalid",
+                "Included user IDs entry 2 must contain 1 to 20 decimal digits",
+            ),
+            (
+                "domain_migration_excluded_user_ids=123%2Cinvalid",
+                "Excluded user IDs entry 2 must contain 1 to 20 decimal digits",
+            ),
+        ] {
+            let form = MultiValueForm::parse(form.as_bytes());
+            assert_eq!(
+                build_domain_migration_update(&form).expect_err("invalid rollout field"),
+                message
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn build_experiment_delivery_update_leaves_both_fields_unchanged_when_absent() {
        let form = MultiValueForm::parse(b"_csrf=token");
@@ -73,15 +73,11 @@ pub async fn render(
                .map(|r| r.sessions)
                .map_err(|error| tracing::warn!(%error, user_id, "admin API request failed: list user sessions"))
                .unwrap_or_default();
-            let webauthn_credentials = if u.authenticator_types.contains(&2) {
-                client
-                    .list_webauthn_credentials(user_id)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(|error| tracing::warn!(%error, user_id, "admin API request failed: list webauthn credentials"))
-                    .unwrap_or_default()
-            } else {
-                Vec::new()
-            };
+            let webauthn_credentials = client
+                .list_webauthn_credentials(user_id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|error| tracing::warn!(%error, user_id, "admin API request failed: list webauthn credentials"))
+                .unwrap_or_default();
            Some(tabs::account::account_tab(
                config,
                &u,
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@

 use crate::{
    api::types::{
-        AppPublicConfigResponse, ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse, GatewayRolloutConfigResponse,
-        InstanceConfigResponse, InstanceIntegrationsResponse, InstanceMediaResponse,
-        InstancePolicyResponse, InstanceRegistrationResponse, LimitConfigResponse,
-        NoiseSuppressionBackend, PendingRegistrationResponse, RegistrationUrlResponse,
-        SsoConfigResponse, VOICE_NS_MAX_GUILD_OVERRIDES, VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
-        VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse,
+        AppPublicConfigResponse, DOMAIN_MIGRATION_DEFAULT_SALT, DomainMigrationConfigResponse,
+        EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS, ExperimentDeliveryConfigResponse,
+        GatewayRolloutConfigResponse, InstanceConfigResponse, InstanceIntegrationsResponse,
+        InstanceMediaResponse, InstancePolicyResponse, InstanceRegistrationResponse,
+        LimitConfigResponse, NoiseSuppressionBackend, PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_DEFAULT_SALT,
+        PendingRegistrationResponse, PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse, RegistrationUrlResponse,
+        SsoConfigResponse, VOICE_NS_MAX_GUILD_OVERRIDES, VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse,
    },
    config::AdminConfig,
    middleware::auth::AuthContext,
@@ -148,6 +149,8 @@ pub fn instance_config_page(
                    html! {
                        (gateway_rollout_section(base, csrf_token, &instance_config.gateway_rollout))
                        (voice_noise_suppression_section(base, csrf_token, &instance_config.voice_noise_suppression))
+                        (push_service_delivery_section(base, csrf_token, &instance_config.push_service_delivery))
+                        (domain_migration_section(base, csrf_token, &instance_config.domain_migration))
                        (experiment_delivery_section(base, csrf_token, &instance_config.experiment_delivery))
                        @if let Some(limit_config) = limit_config {
                            (limit_config_section(base, limit_config))
@@ -1105,12 +1108,12 @@ fn voice_noise_suppression_section(
                        ))
                        (entry_count_hint(
                            voice_noise_suppression.included_user_ids.len(),
-                            VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
+                            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
                        ))
                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
                            "One snowflake per line, or comma separated. These users are targeted \
                             regardless of the percentage above. IDs must contain 1 to 20 decimal \
-                             digits. Invalid entries prevent the save; blank entries and duplicate \
+                             digits. Invalid entries prevent the save. Blank entries and duplicate \
                             IDs are ignored."
                        }
                    }
@@ -1125,11 +1128,11 @@ fn voice_noise_suppression_section(
                        ))
                        (entry_count_hint(
                            voice_noise_suppression.excluded_user_ids.len(),
-                            VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
+                            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
                        ))
                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
                            "Same format. Exclusion wins over both the always-on list and the \
-                             percentage, so this is the per-user kill switch."
+                             percentage. This is the per-user kill switch."
                        }
                    }

@@ -1176,6 +1179,248 @@ fn voice_noise_suppression_section(
    )
 }

+fn push_service_delivery_section(
+    base: &str,
+    csrf_token: &str,
+    push_service_delivery: &PushServiceDeliveryConfigResponse,
+) -> Markup {
+    let status = if push_service_delivery.enabled {
+        ("Live", BadgeVariant::Success)
+    } else {
+        ("Inert", BadgeVariant::Default)
+    };
+    let included_user_ids = push_service_delivery.included_user_ids.join("\n");
+    let excluded_user_ids = push_service_delivery.excluded_user_ids.join("\n");
+    section_card_with_description(
+        "Push Service Delivery",
+        "Routes push notification delivery for the selected accounts through the push service. \
+         Accounts the rollout does not select keep the current path.",
+        html! {
+            form method="post" action={(base) "/instance-config?action=update_push_service_delivery"} {
+                (csrf_input(csrf_token))
+                div class="space-y-6" {
+                    div class="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2" {
+                        h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-neutral-900" { "Master switch" }
+                        (badge(status.0, status.1))
+                        span class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "Config version " (push_service_delivery.config_version)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (checkbox(
+                        "push_service_delivery_enabled",
+                        "true",
+                        "Hand push notifications to the push service",
+                        push_service_delivery.enabled,
+                        true,
+                    ))
+                    p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                        "Off is the safe state. With this unchecked every notification keeps the \
+                         current delivery path, so the rollout and targeting fields below have no \
+                         effect at all."
+                    }
+
+                    h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-neutral-900" { "Rollout" }
+                    (number_field(
+                        "push_service_delivery_rollout_basis_points",
+                        "Rollout (basis points)",
+                        &push_service_delivery.rollout_basis_points.to_string(),
+                        Some(0), Some(10000), "1",
+                        Some("Share of users bucketed into the canary, in basis points: 0 is nobody, 100 is 1%, 10000 is everybody."),
+                    ))
+                    div class="flex flex-col gap-2" {
+                        (text_input(
+                            "push_service_delivery_rollout_salt",
+                            "Rollout Salt",
+                            &push_service_delivery.rollout_salt,
+                            PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_DEFAULT_SALT,
+                        ))
+                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "Seeds the bucketing hash. Changing it reshuffles which users fall \
+                             inside the percentage above. Leave it alone to keep the current \
+                             cohort stable."
+                        }
+                    }
+                    div class="flex flex-col gap-2" {
+                        (textarea_input(
+                            "push_service_delivery_included_user_ids",
+                            "Always-on User IDs",
+                            "1500000000000000001\n1500000000000000002",
+                            &included_user_ids,
+                            4,
+                            false,
+                        ))
+                        (entry_count_hint(
+                            push_service_delivery.included_user_ids.len(),
+                            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
+                        ))
+                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "One snowflake per line, or comma separated. These users are targeted \
+                             regardless of the percentage above. IDs must contain 1 to 20 decimal \
+                             digits. Invalid entries prevent the save. Blank entries and duplicate \
+                             IDs are ignored."
+                        }
+                    }
+                    div class="flex flex-col gap-2" {
+                        (textarea_input(
+                            "push_service_delivery_excluded_user_ids",
+                            "Never-on User IDs",
+                            "1500000000000000003\n1500000000000000004",
+                            &excluded_user_ids,
+                            4,
+                            false,
+                        ))
+                        (entry_count_hint(
+                            push_service_delivery.excluded_user_ids.len(),
+                            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
+                        ))
+                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "Same format. Exclusion wins over both the always-on list and the \
+                             percentage. This is the per-user kill switch."
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    (form_actions(html! {
+                        (submit_button("Save Push Service Delivery Configuration"))
+                    }))
+                }
+            }
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+fn domain_migration_section(
+    base: &str,
+    csrf_token: &str,
+    domain_migration: &DomainMigrationConfigResponse,
+) -> Markup {
+    let status = if domain_migration.enabled {
+        ("Live", BadgeVariant::Success)
+    } else {
+        ("Inert", BadgeVariant::Default)
+    };
+    let included_user_ids = domain_migration.included_user_ids.join("\n");
+    let excluded_user_ids = domain_migration.excluded_user_ids.join("\n");
+    section_card_with_description(
+        "Domain Migration",
+        "Moves web clients of the official instance from the legacy web app origin to the new \
+         one. Selected accounts copy their local data across and continue on the new origin. \
+         Clients of other instances read this configuration and ignore it.",
+        html! {
+            form method="post" action={(base) "/instance-config?action=update_domain_migration"} {
+                (csrf_input(csrf_token))
+                div class="space-y-6" {
+                    div class="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2" {
+                        h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-neutral-900" { "Master switch" }
+                        (badge(status.0, status.1))
+                        span class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "Config version " (domain_migration.config_version)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (checkbox(
+                        "domain_migration_enabled",
+                        "true",
+                        "Move selected web clients to the new origin",
+                        domain_migration.enabled,
+                        true,
+                    ))
+                    p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                        "Off is the safe state and the kill switch. With this unchecked no client \
+                         starts a migration and clients that already migrated stop forwarding the \
+                         legacy origin, so the rollout and targeting fields below have no effect at all."
+                    }
+
+                    h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-neutral-900" { "Installed apps" }
+                    (checkbox(
+                        "domain_migration_standalone_forwarding",
+                        "true",
+                        "Forward installed desktop web apps to the new origin",
+                        domain_migration.standalone_forwarding,
+                        true,
+                    ))
+                    p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                        "Leave this off until the manifest scope extension and the association file \
+                         are live and verified. While it is off, installed Chromium desktop apps copy \
+                         their data across but stay on the legacy origin and offer to install the new \
+                         app. Installed mobile and Safari apps never forward either way."
+                    }
+
+                    h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-neutral-900" { "Rollout" }
+                    (number_field(
+                        "domain_migration_rollout_basis_points",
+                        "Rollout (basis points)",
+                        &domain_migration.rollout_basis_points.to_string(),
+                        Some(0), Some(10000), "1",
+                        Some("Share of logged-in users bucketed into the migration, in basis points: 0 is nobody, 100 is 1%, 10000 is everybody."),
+                    ))
+                    (number_field(
+                        "domain_migration_anonymous_rollout_basis_points",
+                        "Anonymous rollout (basis points)",
+                        &domain_migration.anonymous_rollout_basis_points.to_string(),
+                        Some(0), Some(10000), "1",
+                        Some("Share of logged-out devices sent to the new origin, in basis points. Each device is bucketed on its own random ID."),
+                    ))
+                    div class="flex flex-col gap-2" {
+                        (text_input(
+                            "domain_migration_rollout_salt",
+                            "Rollout Salt",
+                            &domain_migration.rollout_salt,
+                            DOMAIN_MIGRATION_DEFAULT_SALT,
+                        ))
+                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "Seeds the bucketing hash for users and devices. Changing it reshuffles \
+                             which users and devices fall inside the percentages above. Leave it \
+                             alone to keep the current cohort stable."
+                        }
+                    }
+                    div class="flex flex-col gap-2" {
+                        (textarea_input(
+                            "domain_migration_included_user_ids",
+                            "Always-on User IDs",
+                            "1500000000000000001\n1500000000000000002",
+                            &included_user_ids,
+                            4,
+                            false,
+                        ))
+                        (entry_count_hint(
+                            domain_migration.included_user_ids.len(),
+                            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
+                        ))
+                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "One snowflake per line, or comma separated. These users are targeted \
+                             regardless of the percentage above. IDs must contain 1 to 20 decimal \
+                             digits. Invalid entries prevent the save. Blank entries and duplicate \
+                             IDs are ignored."
+                        }
+                    }
+                    div class="flex flex-col gap-2" {
+                        (textarea_input(
+                            "domain_migration_excluded_user_ids",
+                            "Never-on User IDs",
+                            "1500000000000000003\n1500000000000000004",
+                            &excluded_user_ids,
+                            4,
+                            false,
+                        ))
+                        (entry_count_hint(
+                            domain_migration.excluded_user_ids.len(),
+                            EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS,
+                        ))
+                        p class="text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                            "Same format. Exclusion wins over both the always-on list and the \
+                             percentage. It stops new migrations only. A user who already moved \
+                             stays on the new origin."
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    (form_actions(html! {
+                        (submit_button("Save Domain Migration Configuration"))
+                    }))
+                }
+            }
+        },
+    )
+}
+
 fn experiment_delivery_section(
    base: &str,
    csrf_token: &str,
@@ -1184,7 +1429,7 @@ fn experiment_delivery_section(
    section_card_with_description(
        "Experiment Delivery",
        "How often every client revalidates its experiment assignments. This is instance-wide \
-         and covers every experiment, not just the one above. Raising the interval sheds \
+         and covers every experiment, not just the ones above. Raising the interval sheds \
         request volume and makes a change take longer to reach a client. Raising the jitter \
         spreads a fleet that has synchronised on one tick back out across the interval.",
        html! {
@@ -1819,10 +2064,32 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(!markup.contains("at the cap"));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn domain_migration_section_shows_both_rollouts_and_list_counts() {
+        let domain_migration = DomainMigrationConfigResponse {
+            anonymous_rollout_basis_points: 250,
+            included_user_ids: vec!["1500000000000000001".to_owned()],
+            excluded_user_ids: vec![
+                "1500000000000000002".to_owned(),
+                "1500000000000000003".to_owned(),
+            ],
+            ..DomainMigrationConfigResponse::default()
+        };
+        let markup = domain_migration_section("/admin", "csrf", &domain_migration).into_string();
+        assert!(markup.contains("action=update_domain_migration"));
+        assert!(markup.contains("domain_migration_enabled"));
+        assert!(markup.contains("name=\"domain_migration_anonymous_rollout_basis_points\""));
+        assert!(markup.contains("value=\"250\""));
+        assert!(markup.contains("name=\"domain_migration_standalone_forwarding\""));
+        assert!(markup.contains("1 of 1000 stored"));
+        assert!(markup.contains("2 of 1000 stored"));
+        assert!(!markup.contains("at the cap"));
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn voice_noise_suppression_section_flags_a_list_at_its_cap() {
        let voice_noise_suppression = VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse {
-            included_user_ids: (0..VOICE_NS_MAX_TARGETED_USERS)
+            included_user_ids: (0..EXPERIMENT_MAX_TARGETED_USERS)
                .map(|index| index.to_string())
                .collect(),
            ..VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigResponse::default()
@@ -114,7 +114,10 @@ pub fn users_list_page(
    let content = html! {
        div class="space-y-6" {
            (page_header("Users", None))
-            div class="rounded-lg bg-white transition-all border border-neutral-200 p-4" {
+            div class="rounded-lg bg-white transition-all border border-neutral-200 p-3" {
+                p class="mb-1 text-xs text-neutral-500" {
+                    "For example, type " span class="font-mono" { "*" } " in to search for all users."
+                }
                (search_form(base, params))
            }
            (results_markup)
@@ -409,6 +409,25 @@ fn deserialize_instance_config_response_with_unknown_keys() {
            "future_object_knob": {"nested": true},
            "future_list_knob": ["a", "b"]
        },
+        "push_service_delivery": {
+            "enabled": true,
+            "config_version": 3,
+            "rollout_basis_points": 5000,
+            "rollout_salt": "push-service-delivery-v1",
+            "included_user_ids": ["1500000000000000002"],
+            "excluded_user_ids": []
+        },
+        "domain_migration": {
+            "enabled": true,
+            "config_version": 2,
+            "rollout_basis_points": 2500,
+            "rollout_salt": "domain-migration-v1",
+            "included_user_ids": ["1500000000000000001"],
+            "excluded_user_ids": [],
+            "future_migration_knob": 9,
+            "anonymous_rollout_basis_points": 100,
+            "standalone_forwarding": true
+        },
        "experiment_delivery": {"poll_interval_seconds": 300, "poll_jitter_percent": 15},
        "registration": {
            "mode": "open",
@@ -538,6 +557,13 @@ fn deserialize_instance_config_response_with_unknown_keys() {
    assert_eq!(resp.voice_noise_suppression.rollout_basis_points, 10000);
    assert_eq!(*resp.voice_noise_suppression.rollout_salt, "voice-ns-v1");
    assert_eq!(resp.voice_noise_suppression.enabled_backends.len(), 3);
+    assert!(resp.domain_migration.enabled);
+    assert_eq!(resp.domain_migration.config_version, 2);
+    assert_eq!(resp.domain_migration.rollout_basis_points, 2500);
+    assert_eq!(*resp.domain_migration.rollout_salt, "domain-migration-v1");
+    assert_eq!(resp.domain_migration.included_user_ids.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(resp.domain_migration.anonymous_rollout_basis_points, 100);
+    assert!(resp.domain_migration.standalone_forwarding);
    assert_eq!(resp.experiment_delivery.poll_interval_seconds, 300);
    assert!(resp.policy.single_community_guild_id.is_none());
    assert_eq!(resp.policy.services.gif_enabled, Some(true));
@@ -548,6 +574,7 @@ fn deserialize_instance_config_response_with_unknown_keys() {
        .replace("\"future_rollout_knob\": 3,", "")
        .replace("\"future_presentation_knob\": \"verbose\",", "")
        .replace("\"future_knob\": 7,", "")
+        .replace("\"future_migration_knob\": 9,", "")
        .replace("\"future_object_knob\": {\"nested\": true},", "")
        .replace("\"future_list_knob\": [\"a\", \"b\"],", "")
        .replace(
@@ -843,7 +870,8 @@ fn deserialize_webauthn_credentials_response() {
            "id": "credential-a",
            "name": "YubiKey",
            "created_at": "2026-05-26T12:00:00.000Z",
-            "last_used_at": null
+            "last_used_at": null,
+            "rp_id": "fluxer.com"
        },
        {
            "id": "credential-b",
@@ -465,6 +465,7 @@ async fn mutating_admin_pages_render_usable_csrf_tokens() {
                "/instance-config?action=update_gateway_rollout",
                "/instance-config?action=update_sso",
                "/instance-config?action=update_voice_noise_suppression",
+                "/instance-config?action=update_domain_migration",
                "/instance-config?action=update_experiment_delivery",
            ][..],
        ),
@@ -816,6 +817,9 @@ async fn spawn_mock_api() -> String {

 async fn mock_api(method: Method, uri: Uri) -> Response {
    let path = uri.path().to_owned();
+    if method == Method::PATCH && path == "/admin/instance/config" {
+        return json_response(instance_config());
+    }
    match (method, path.as_str()) {
        (Method::GET, "/admin/users/@me") => json_response(json!({ "user": admin_user() })),
        (Method::GET, "/admin/api-keys") => json_response(json!([])),
@@ -1196,6 +1200,16 @@ fn instance_config() -> Value {
            "guild_overrides": [],
            "suppression_strength": 80
        },
+        "domain_migration": {
+            "enabled": false,
+            "config_version": 0,
+            "rollout_basis_points": 0,
+            "rollout_salt": "domain-migration-v1",
+            "included_user_ids": [],
+            "excluded_user_ids": [],
+            "anonymous_rollout_basis_points": 0,
+            "standalone_forwarding": false
+        },
        "experiment_delivery": {
            "poll_interval_seconds": 300,
            "poll_jitter_percent": 15
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ FROM node:26-trixie-slim AS base

 WORKDIR /usr/src/app

-RUN npm install -g pnpm@12.4.2
+RUN npm install -g pnpm@11.27.0

 FROM base AS deploy

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
 		libvips42t64 && \
 	rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

-RUN npm install -g pnpm@12.4.2
+RUN npm install -g pnpm@11.27.0

 COPY --from=deploy /out ./
 COPY --from=deploy /usr/src/app/fluxer_api/dist ./dist
@@ -94,5 +94,5 @@
 		"typescript": "catalog:ts7",
 		"vitest": "catalog:"
 	},
-	"packageManager": "pnpm@12.4.2"
+	"packageManager": "pnpm@11.27.0"
 }
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ interface PostgresIpInfoOptions {
 }

 const VALUE_SEPARATOR = '\u001f';
+export const IPINFO_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60;
+export const IPINFO_REQUEST_AUDIT_TTL_SECONDS = 90 * 24 * 60 * 60;

 function getClient(options: PostgresIpInfoOptions): IPostgresClient | null {
 	return options.client ?? options.getClient?.() ?? null;
@@ -34,12 +36,9 @@ async function upsertKvRow(
 	partitionKey: string,
 	key: string,
 	row: Record<string, unknown>,
-	ttlSeconds?: number,
+	ttlSeconds: number,
 ): Promise<void> {
-	const expiresAt =
-		ttlSeconds != null && Number.isFinite(ttlSeconds) && ttlSeconds > 0
-			? new Date(Date.now() + ttlSeconds * 1000)
-			: null;
+	const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + ttlSeconds * 1000);
 	await client.query(
 		`INSERT INTO ${table(client)} (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data, expires_at, updated_at)
 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4::jsonb, $5, now())
@@ -77,7 +76,14 @@ export function createPostgresIpInfoCache(options: PostgresIpInfoOptions): IpInf
 			try {
 				const client = getClient(options);
 				if (!client) return;
-				await upsertKvRow(client, 'ipinfo_cache', rowKey([key]), rowKey([key]), {cache_key: key, payload}, ttlSeconds);
+				await upsertKvRow(
+					client,
+					'ipinfo_cache',
+					rowKey([key]),
+					rowKey([key]),
+					{cache_key: key, payload},
+					ttlSeconds != null && Number.isFinite(ttlSeconds) && ttlSeconds > 0 ? ttlSeconds : IPINFO_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS,
+				);
 			} catch (error) {
 				options.onError?.(error, 'ipinfo_cache_set');
 			}
@@ -124,6 +130,7 @@ export function createPostgresIpInfoRequestAuditLogger(options: PostgresIpInfoOp
 						is_residential_proxy: event.isResidentialProxy,
 						metadata_json: serializeMetadata(event.metadata),
 					},
+					IPINFO_REQUEST_AUDIT_TTL_SECONDS,
 				);
 			} catch (error) {
 				options.onError?.(error, 'ipinfo_request_audit_record');
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later

 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import type {Pool, PoolClient, QueryResult, QueryResultRow} from 'pg';
+import type {Pool, PoolClient, PoolConfig, QueryResult, QueryResultRow} from 'pg';
 import pg from 'pg';

 const MAX_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELD_LENGTH = 128;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class PostgresClient implements IPostgresClient {
 	}

 	private async openPool(): Promise<void> {
-		const pool = new pg.Pool({
+		const poolConfig: PoolConfig & {scramMaxIterations: number} = {
 			connectionString: this.config.url || undefined,
 			host: this.config.url ? undefined : (this.config.host ?? '127.0.0.1'),
 			port: this.config.url ? undefined : (this.config.port ?? 5432),
@@ -140,7 +140,9 @@ class PostgresClient implements IPostgresClient {
 			password: this.config.url ? undefined : (this.config.password ?? 'fluxer'),
 			ssl: this.config.ssl ? {rejectUnauthorized: true, ca: normalizePem(this.config.sslCa)} : undefined,
 			max: this.config.maxConnections ?? 20,
-		});
+			scramMaxIterations: 0,
+		};
+		const pool = new pg.Pool(poolConfig);
 		this.observePoolConnections(pool);
 		try {
 			const client = await pool.connect();
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export async function createAPIApp(options: CreateAPIAppOptions): Promise<APIApp
 	configureMiddleware(routes, {
 		logger,
 		nodeEnv: config.nodeEnv,
-		corsOrigins: [config.endpoints.webApp, config.endpoints.marketing],
+		corsOrigins: [...config.endpoints.webAppOrigins, config.endpoints.marketing],
 		trustClientIpHeader: config.proxy.trust_client_ip_header,
 		clientIpHeaderName: config.proxy.client_ip_header,
 		maxInflightRequests: config.maxInflightRequests,
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import type {APIConfig, BlueskyOAuthConfig} from '@app/api/config/APIConfig';
 import type {WorkerTaskName} from '@app/api/worker/WorkerLaneConfig';
 import type {MasterConfig} from '@fluxer/config/src/MasterConfig';
-import {resolveDownloadsProvider} from '@fluxer/config/src/S3DownloadsProvider';
 import {parseIpAddress} from '@fluxer/ip_utils/src/IpAddress';
 import {parseGeoipSourceConfig, resolveGeoipRuntimeSourceConfig} from '@pkgs/geoip/src/GeoipStartup';

@@ -92,18 +91,6 @@ function normalizeIpBanExemptIps(values: Array<string>): Array<string> {
 	return Array.from(normalized);
 }

-function normalizeCountryCodes(values: Array<string>, configName: string): ReadonlySet<string> {
-	const normalized = new Set<string>();
-	for (const value of values) {
-		const countryCode = value.trim().toUpperCase();
-		if (!/^[A-Z]{2}$/u.test(countryCode)) {
-			throw new Error(`${configName} contains an invalid ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code: ${value}`);
-		}
-		normalized.add(countryCode);
-	}
-	return normalized;
-}
-
 function mapPushProviderApps(
 	apps:
 		| Array<{
@@ -157,7 +144,6 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 	const s3Buckets = s3Config.buckets ?? {
 		cdn: '',
 		uploads: '',
-		downloads: '',
 		reports: '',
 		harvests: '',
 	};
@@ -174,10 +160,6 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 		requestTimeoutMs: master.services.api.request_timeout_ms,
 		maxInflightRequests: master.services.api.max_inflight_requests,
 		ipBanExemptIps: normalizeIpBanExemptIps(master.services.api.ip_ban_exempt_ips),
-		desktopGitHubRedirectCountries: normalizeCountryCodes(
-			master.services.api.desktop_github_redirect_countries,
-			'FLUXER_API_DESKTOP_GITHUB_REDIRECT_COUNTRIES',
-		),
 		cassandra: {
 			hosts: cassandraSource?.hosts.join(',') ?? '',
 			port: cassandraSource?.port ?? 9042,
@@ -276,6 +258,7 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 			apiPublic: master.endpoints.api,
 			apiClient: master.endpoints.api_client,
 			webApp: master.endpoints.app,
+			webAppOrigins: [...new Set([new URL(master.endpoints.app).origin, ...master.services.api.app_origin_aliases])],
 			gateway: master.endpoints.gateway,
 			media: master.endpoints.media,
 			marketing: master.endpoints.marketing,
@@ -290,8 +273,6 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 			donationProxyKey,
 		},
 		hosts: {
-			invite: extractHostname(master.endpoints.invite),
-			gift: extractHostname(master.endpoints.gift),
 			marketing: extractHostname(master.endpoints.marketing),
 			unfurlIgnored: master.services.api.unfurl_ignored_hosts,
 		},
@@ -304,7 +285,6 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 			cacheMinTtlSeconds: master.services.api.embeds.cache_min_ttl_seconds,
 			cacheRespectRemoteTtl: master.services.api.embeds.cache_respect_remote_ttl,
 		},
-		s3Downloads: resolveDownloadsProvider(master),
 		s3: {
 			endpoint: s3Config.endpoint,
 			presignedUrlBase: s3Config.presigned_url_base,
@@ -497,6 +477,10 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 		},
 		abusePolicy: {
 			inboundPhoneCountryCodes: master.instance.abuse_policy.inbound_phone_country_codes,
+			phoneFlagging: {
+				enabled: master.instance.abuse_policy.phone_flagging.enabled,
+				exemptCountryCodes: master.instance.abuse_policy.phone_flagging.exempt_country_codes,
+			},
 			phoneVerification: {
 				inboundRequiredPrefixes: master.instance.abuse_policy.phone_verification.inbound_required_prefixes,
 			},
@@ -523,7 +507,6 @@ export function buildAPIConfigFromMaster(master: MasterConfig): APIConfig {
 			validateResponses: resolveValidateResponses(master),
 		},
 		presignedAttachmentUploadsEnabled: master.services.api.presigned_attachment_uploads_enabled ?? false,
-		presignedDownloadsEnabled: master.services.api.presigned_downloads_enabled ?? false,
 		presignedHarvestDownloadsEnabled: master.services.api.presigned_harvest_downloads_enabled ?? true,
 		attachmentDecayEnabled: master.attachment_decay_enabled,
 		deletionGracePeriodHours: master.dev.test_mode_enabled ? 0.01 : master.deletion_grace_period_hours,
@@ -341,6 +341,7 @@ import {
 	type UsersPendingDeletionRow,
 } from '@app/api/database/types/UserTypes';
 import {ATTACHMENT_DECAY_COLUMNS, type AttachmentDecayRow} from '@app/api/types/AttachmentDecayTypes';
+import {seconds} from 'itty-time';

 export const Users = defineTable<UserRow, 'user_id'>({
 	name: 'users',
@@ -499,16 +500,19 @@ export const GuildAuditLogs = defineTable<GuildAuditLogRow, 'guild_id' | 'log_id
 	name: 'guild_audit_logs_v2',
 	columns: GUILD_AUDIT_LOG_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['guild_id', 'log_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('45 days'),
 });
 export const GuildAuditLogsByUser = defineTable<GuildAuditLogRow, 'guild_id' | 'user_id' | 'log_id'>({
 	name: 'guild_audit_logs_v2_by_user',
 	columns: GUILD_AUDIT_LOG_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['guild_id', 'user_id', 'log_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('45 days'),
 });
 export const GuildAuditLogsByAction = defineTable<GuildAuditLogRow, 'guild_id' | 'action_type' | 'log_id'>({
 	name: 'guild_audit_logs_v2_by_action',
 	columns: GUILD_AUDIT_LOG_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['guild_id', 'action_type', 'log_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('45 days'),
 });
 export const GuildAuditLogsByUserAction = defineTable<
 	GuildAuditLogRow,
@@ -517,6 +521,7 @@ export const GuildAuditLogsByUserAction = defineTable<
 	name: 'guild_audit_logs_v2_by_user_action',
 	columns: GUILD_AUDIT_LOG_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['guild_id', 'user_id', 'action_type', 'log_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('45 days'),
 });
 export const GuildMembershipMetadata = defineTable<GuildMembershipMetadataRow, 'guild_id' | 'user_id'>({
 	name: 'guild_membership_metadata',
@@ -655,6 +660,7 @@ export const RecentMentions = defineTable<RecentMentionRow, 'user_id' | 'message
 	name: 'recent_mentions',
 	columns: RECENT_MENTION_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'message_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('7 days'),
 });

 interface RecentMentionsByGuildRow {
@@ -678,6 +684,7 @@ export const RecentMentionsByGuild = defineTable<RecentMentionsByGuildRow, 'user
 	name: 'recent_mentions_by_guild',
 	columns: RECENT_MENTIONS_BY_GUILD_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'guild_id', 'message_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('7 days'),
 });
 export const SavedMessages = defineTable<SavedMessageRow, 'user_id' | 'message_id'>({
 	name: 'saved_messages',
@@ -688,6 +695,7 @@ export const PushSubscriptions = defineTable<PushSubscriptionRow, 'user_id' | 's
 	name: 'push_subscriptions',
 	columns: PUSH_SUBSCRIPTION_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'subscription_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('90 days'),
 });
 export const Payments = defineTable<PaymentRow, 'checkout_session_id'>({
 	name: 'payments',
@@ -854,11 +862,13 @@ export const EmailVerificationTokens = defineTable<EmailVerificationTokenRow, 't
 	name: 'email_verification_tokens',
 	columns: EMAIL_VERIFICATION_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_', 'user_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('24 hours'),
 });
 export const PasswordResetTokens = defineTable<PasswordResetTokenRow, 'token_' | 'user_id'>({
 	name: 'password_reset_tokens',
 	columns: PASSWORD_RESET_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_', 'user_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('24 hours'),
 });
 export const PasswordResetTokensByUserId = defineTable<
 	{
@@ -870,16 +880,19 @@ export const PasswordResetTokensByUserId = defineTable<
 	name: 'password_reset_tokens_by_user_id',
 	columns: ['user_id', 'token_'],
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'token_'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('24 hours'),
 });
 export const EmailRevertTokens = defineTable<EmailRevertTokenRow, 'token_' | 'user_id'>({
 	name: 'email_revert_tokens',
 	columns: EMAIL_REVERT_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_', 'user_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('48 hours'),
 });
 export const PhoneTokens = defineTable<PhoneTokenRow, 'token_'>({
 	name: 'phone_tokens',
 	columns: PHONE_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const AuthSessions = defineTable<AuthSessionRow, 'session_id_hash'>({
 	name: 'auth_sessions',
@@ -901,11 +914,13 @@ export const AuthSessionTombstones = defineTable<AuthSessionTombstoneRow, 'user_
 	name: 'auth_session_tombstones',
 	columns: AUTH_SESSION_TOMBSTONE_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'session_id_hash'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const UserCountryHistory = defineTable<UserCountryHistoryRow, 'user_id' | 'country'>({
 	name: 'user_country_history',
 	columns: USER_COUNTRY_HISTORY_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'country'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('365 days'),
 });
 export const MfaBackupCodes = defineTable<MfaBackupCodeRow, 'user_id' | 'code'>({
 	name: 'mfa_backup_codes',
@@ -932,6 +947,7 @@ export const IpAuthorizationTokens = defineTable<IpAuthorizationTokenRow, 'token
 	name: 'ip_authorization_tokens',
 	columns: IP_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_', 'user_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 minutes'),
 });
 export const AuthorizedIps = defineTable<AuthorizedIpRow, 'user_id' | 'ip'>({
 	name: 'authorized_ips_v2',
@@ -1057,26 +1073,31 @@ export const OAuth2AuthorizationCodes = defineTable<OAuth2AuthorizationCodeRow,
 	name: 'oauth2_authorization_codes',
 	columns: OAUTH2_AUTHORIZATION_CODE_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['code'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('10 minutes'),
 });
 export const OAuth2AccessTokens = defineTable<OAuth2AccessTokenRow, 'token_'>({
 	name: 'oauth2_access_tokens',
 	columns: OAUTH2_ACCESS_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('7 days'),
 });
 export const OAuth2AccessTokensByUser = defineTable<OAuth2AccessTokenByUserRow, 'user_id' | 'token_'>({
 	name: 'oauth2_access_tokens_by_user',
 	columns: OAUTH2_ACCESS_TOKENS_BY_USER_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'token_'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('7 days'),
 });
 export const OAuth2RefreshTokens = defineTable<OAuth2RefreshTokenRow, 'token_'>({
 	name: 'oauth2_refresh_tokens',
 	columns: OAUTH2_REFRESH_TOKEN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['token_'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const OAuth2RefreshTokensByUser = defineTable<OAuth2RefreshTokenByUserRow, 'user_id' | 'token_'>({
 	name: 'oauth2_refresh_tokens_by_user',
 	columns: OAUTH2_REFRESH_TOKENS_BY_USER_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'token_'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });

 interface WebhooksByChannelRow {
@@ -1117,12 +1138,14 @@ export const JobsById = defineTable<JobByIdRow, 'job_id'>({
 	name: 'jobs_by_id',
 	columns: JOB_BY_ID_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['job_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('90 days'),
 });
 export const JobsByDayBucket = defineTable<JobByDayBucketRow, 'bucket_day' | 'created_at' | 'job_id'>({
 	name: 'jobs_by_day_bucket',
 	columns: JOB_BY_DAY_BUCKET_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['bucket_day', 'created_at', 'job_id'],
 	partitionKey: ['bucket_day'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('90 days'),
 });
 export const JobsActive = defineTable<JobActiveRow, 'job_id'>({
 	name: 'jobs_active',
@@ -1133,11 +1156,13 @@ export const AttachmentUploadTracesByKey = defineTable<AttachmentUploadTraceByKe
 	name: 'attachment_upload_traces_by_key',
 	columns: ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_TRACE_BY_KEY_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['upload_key'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const AttachmentUploadTracesByAttachment = defineTable<AttachmentUploadTraceByAttachmentRow, 'attachment_id'>({
 	name: 'attachment_upload_traces_by_attachment',
 	columns: ATTACHMENT_UPLOAD_TRACE_BY_ATTACHMENT_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['attachment_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const NcmecAttachmentSubmissions = defineTable<NcmecAttachmentSubmissionRow, 'attachment_id'>({
 	name: 'ncmec_attachment_submissions',
@@ -1154,6 +1179,7 @@ export const RegistrationEventsByIp = defineTable<RegistrationEventByIpRow, 'ip'
 	columns: REGISTRATION_EVENT_BY_IP_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['ip', 'created_at', 'user_id'],
 	partitionKey: ['ip'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const RegistrationEventsBySubnet = defineTable<
 	RegistrationEventBySubnetRow,
@@ -1164,6 +1190,7 @@ export const RegistrationEventsBySubnet = defineTable<
 	columns: REGISTRATION_EVENT_BY_SUBNET_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['subnet', 'created_at', 'user_id'],
 	partitionKey: ['subnet'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const RegistrationEventsByEmailDomain = defineTable<
 	RegistrationEventByEmailDomainRow,
@@ -1174,6 +1201,7 @@ export const RegistrationEventsByEmailDomain = defineTable<
 	columns: REGISTRATION_EVENT_BY_EMAIL_DOMAIN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['email_domain', 'created_at', 'user_id'],
 	partitionKey: ['email_domain'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const RegistrationEventsByPlusAddressBase = defineTable<
 	RegistrationEventByPlusAddressBaseRow,
@@ -1184,6 +1212,7 @@ export const RegistrationEventsByPlusAddressBase = defineTable<
 	columns: REGISTRATION_EVENT_BY_PLUS_ADDRESS_BASE_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['plus_address_base', 'created_at', 'user_id'],
 	partitionKey: ['plus_address_base'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('30 days'),
 });
 export const LatestRiskContextByUser = defineTable<LatestRiskContextByUserRow, 'user_id'>({
 	name: 'latest_risk_context_by_user',
@@ -1194,6 +1223,7 @@ export const SuspiciousIps = defineTable<SuspiciousIpRow, 'ip'>({
 	name: 'suspicious_ips',
 	columns: SUSPICIOUS_IP_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['ip'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('180 days'),
 });
 export const RiskOutcomesByIp = defineTable<RiskOutcomeByIpRow, 'ip' | 'created_at' | 'user_id' | 'outcome_code', 'ip'>(
 	{
@@ -1201,6 +1231,7 @@ export const RiskOutcomesByIp = defineTable<RiskOutcomeByIpRow, 'ip' | 'created_
 		columns: RISK_OUTCOME_BY_IP_COLUMNS,
 		primaryKey: ['ip', 'created_at', 'user_id', 'outcome_code'],
 		partitionKey: ['ip'],
+		defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('180 days'),
 	},
 );
 export const RiskOutcomesBySubnet = defineTable<
@@ -1212,6 +1243,7 @@ export const RiskOutcomesBySubnet = defineTable<
 	columns: RISK_OUTCOME_BY_SUBNET_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['subnet', 'created_at', 'user_id', 'outcome_code'],
 	partitionKey: ['subnet'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('180 days'),
 });
 export const RiskOutcomesByEmailDomain = defineTable<
 	RiskOutcomeByEmailDomainRow,
@@ -1222,6 +1254,7 @@ export const RiskOutcomesByEmailDomain = defineTable<
 	columns: RISK_OUTCOME_BY_EMAIL_DOMAIN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['email_domain', 'created_at', 'user_id', 'outcome_code'],
 	partitionKey: ['email_domain'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('180 days'),
 });
 export const RiskOutcomesByAsn = defineTable<
 	RiskOutcomeByAsnRow,
@@ -1232,6 +1265,7 @@ export const RiskOutcomesByAsn = defineTable<
 	columns: RISK_OUTCOME_BY_ASN_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['asn', 'created_at', 'user_id', 'outcome_code'],
 	partitionKey: ['asn'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('180 days'),
 });
 export const RiskAssessments = defineTable<RiskAssessmentRow, 'assessment_id'>({
 	name: 'risk_assessments',
@@ -1248,6 +1282,7 @@ export const InboundSmsChallenges = defineTable<InboundSmsChallengeRow, 'challen
 	name: 'inbound_sms_challenges',
 	columns: INBOUND_SMS_CHALLENGE_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['challenge_code'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('15 minutes'),
 });
 export const InboundSmsChallengesByUser = defineTable<
 	InboundSmsChallengeByUserRow,
@@ -1258,16 +1293,19 @@ export const InboundSmsChallengesByUser = defineTable<
 	columns: INBOUND_SMS_CHALLENGE_BY_USER_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['user_id', 'created_at'],
 	partitionKey: ['user_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('15 minutes'),
 });
 export const PhoneLookupCache = defineTable<PhoneLookupCacheRow, 'phone'>({
 	name: 'phone_lookup_cache',
 	columns: PHONE_LOOKUP_CACHE_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['phone'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('7 days'),
 });
 export const PhoneVerificationAttempts = defineTable<PhoneVerificationAttemptRow, 'attempt_id'>({
 	name: 'phone_verification_attempts',
 	columns: PHONE_VERIFICATION_ATTEMPT_COLUMNS,
 	primaryKey: ['attempt_id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: seconds('90 days'),
 });
 export const BillingCustomers = defineTable<BillingCustomerRow, 'provider_id'>({
 	name: 'billing_customers',
@@ -2,7 +2,15 @@

 import type {AdminAuditLog, BannedIpEntry, BannedIpKind, IAdminRepository} from '@app/api/admin/IAdminRepository';
 import {createUserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
-import {deleteOneOrMany, fetchMany, fetchOne, upsertOne} from '@app/api/database/CassandraQueryExecution';
+import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
+import {ContentBlocklistCategory} from '@app/api/constants/ContentModeration';
+import {
+	deleteOneOrMany,
+	executeConditional,
+	fetchMany,
+	fetchOne,
+	upsertOne,
+} from '@app/api/database/CassandraQueryExecution';
 import type {
 	AdminAuditLogRow,
 	BannedAvatarHashRow,
@@ -282,6 +290,7 @@ export class AdminRepository implements IAdminRepository {
 	}

 	async isEmailDomainDisposable(domain: string): Promise<boolean> {
+		if (!Config.blocklistFeeds.enabled) return false;
 		const domainLower = domain.toLowerCase();
 		if (isAccountPolicyContactDomainReputationExempt(domainLower)) return false;
 		const result = await fetchOne<{
@@ -395,6 +404,15 @@ export class AdminRepository implements IAdminRepository {
 		await deleteOneOrMany(BannedFileShas.deleteByPk({sha256_hex: sha256Hex.toLowerCase()}));
 	}

+	async unbanFeedFileSha(sha256Hex: string): Promise<boolean> {
+		return executeConditional(
+			BannedFileShas.conditionalDeleteByPk(
+				{sha256_hex: sha256Hex.toLowerCase()},
+				{added_by: null, category: ContentBlocklistCategory.MALWARE_BAZAAR},
+			),
+		);
+	}
+
 	async loadAllBannedFileShas(): Promise<Array<BannedFileShaRow>> {
 		return fetchMany<BannedFileShaRow>(LOAD_ALL_BANNED_FILE_SHAS_QUERY.bind({}));
 	}
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ export abstract class IAdminRepository {

 	abstract unbanFileSha(sha256Hex: string): Promise<void>;

+	abstract unbanFeedFileSha(sha256Hex: string): Promise<boolean>;
+
 	abstract loadAllBannedFileShas(): Promise<Array<BannedFileShaRow>>;

 	abstract isAvatarHashBanned(hashShort: string): Promise<boolean>;
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ import {deriveSsoRedirectUri, normalizeAndValidateSsoConfig} from '@app/api/inst
 import {requireAdminACL} from '@app/api/middleware/AdminMiddleware';
 import {RateLimitMiddleware} from '@app/api/middleware/RateLimitMiddleware';
 import {OpenAPI} from '@app/api/middleware/ResponseTypeMiddleware';
-import {getGatewayRolloutConfigPublisher, getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import {
+	getGatewayRolloutConfigPublisher,
+	getInstanceConfigRepository,
+	getPushServiceDeliveryConfigPublisher,
+} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
 import {RateLimitConfigs} from '@app/api/RateLimitConfig';
 import type {HonoApp, HonoEnv} from '@app/api/types/HonoEnv';
 import {Validator} from '@app/api/Validator';
@@ -30,7 +34,9 @@ import {
 	PendingRegistrationActionRequest,
 	RegistrationUrlIdParam,
 } from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/AdminSchemas';
+import {DomainMigrationConfigSchema} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/DomainMigrationSchemas';
 import {GatewayRolloutConfigSchema} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/GatewayRolloutSchemas';
+import {PushServiceDeliveryConfigSchema} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/PushServiceDeliverySchemas';
 import {VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigSchema} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/VoiceNoiseSuppressionSchemas';
 import {UserIdParam} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/common/CommonParamSchemas';
 import {ExperimentDeliveryConfigSchema} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/experiment/ExperimentSchemas';
@@ -59,6 +65,8 @@ async function buildInstanceConfigResponse(): Promise<InstanceConfigResponse> {
 		ssoConfig,
 		gatewayRollout,
 		voiceNoiseSuppression,
+		pushServiceDelivery,
+		domainMigration,
 		experimentDelivery,
 		registrationConfig,
 		registrationUrls,
@@ -67,6 +75,8 @@ async function buildInstanceConfigResponse(): Promise<InstanceConfigResponse> {
 		instanceConfigRepository.getSsoConfig(),
 		instanceConfigRepository.getGatewayRolloutConfig(),
 		instanceConfigRepository.getVoiceNoiseSuppressionConfig(),
+		instanceConfigRepository.getPushServiceDeliveryConfig(),
+		instanceConfigRepository.getDomainMigrationConfig(),
 		instanceConfigRepository.getExperimentDeliveryConfig(),
 		instanceConfigRepository.getRegistrationConfig(),
 		instanceConfigRepository.getRegistrationUrlsForAdmin(),
@@ -98,6 +108,8 @@ async function buildInstanceConfigResponse(): Promise<InstanceConfigResponse> {
 		},
 		gateway_rollout: gatewayRollout,
 		voice_noise_suppression: voiceNoiseSuppression,
+		push_service_delivery: pushServiceDelivery,
+		domain_migration: domainMigration,
 		experiment_delivery: experimentDelivery,
 		registration: {
 			...registrationConfig,
@@ -243,31 +255,54 @@ export function InstanceConfigAdminController(app: HonoApp) {
 			const shouldGrantSetupCompleterAdmin =
 				appPublicBeforeUpdate !== null && completesInitialSetup(data, appPublicBeforeUpdate.setup.configured);
 			if (data.gateway_rollout) {
-				const currentRollout = await instanceConfigRepository.getGatewayRolloutConfig();
-				const merged = {...currentRollout, ...data.gateway_rollout};
-				const validated = GatewayRolloutConfigSchema.parse(merged);
-				await instanceConfigRepository.setGatewayRolloutConfig(validated);
-				await getGatewayRolloutConfigPublisher().publish(validated);
+				const patch = data.gateway_rollout;
+				const landed = await instanceConfigRepository.updateGatewayRolloutConfig((current) =>
+					GatewayRolloutConfigSchema.parse({...current, ...patch}),
+				);
+				await getGatewayRolloutConfigPublisher().publish(landed);
 			}
 			if (data.voice_noise_suppression) {
 				const patch = omitUndefinedFields(data.voice_noise_suppression);
 				if (Object.keys(patch).length > 0) {
-					const currentNoiseSuppression = await instanceConfigRepository.getVoiceNoiseSuppressionConfig();
-					const validated = VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigSchema.parse({
-						...currentNoiseSuppression,
-						...patch,
-						config_version: currentNoiseSuppression.config_version + 1,
-					});
-					await instanceConfigRepository.setVoiceNoiseSuppressionConfig(validated);
+					await instanceConfigRepository.updateVoiceNoiseSuppressionConfig((current) =>
+						VoiceNoiseSuppressionConfigSchema.parse({
+							...current,
+							...patch,
+							config_version: current.config_version + 1,
+						}),
+					);
+				}
+			}
+			if (data.push_service_delivery) {
+				const patch = omitUndefinedFields(data.push_service_delivery);
+				if (Object.keys(patch).length > 0) {
+					const landed = await instanceConfigRepository.updatePushServiceDeliveryConfig((current) =>
+						PushServiceDeliveryConfigSchema.parse({
+							...current,
+							...patch,
+							config_version: current.config_version + 1,
+						}),
+					);
+					await getPushServiceDeliveryConfigPublisher().publish(landed);
+				}
+			}
+			if (data.domain_migration) {
+				const patch = omitUndefinedFields(data.domain_migration);
+				if (Object.keys(patch).length > 0) {
+					await instanceConfigRepository.updateDomainMigrationConfig((current) =>
+						DomainMigrationConfigSchema.parse({
+							...current,
+							...patch,
+							config_version: current.config_version + 1,
+						}),
+					);
 				}
 			}
 			if (data.experiment_delivery) {
-				const currentExperimentDelivery = await instanceConfigRepository.getExperimentDeliveryConfig();
-				const validated = ExperimentDeliveryConfigSchema.parse({
-					...currentExperimentDelivery,
-					...data.experiment_delivery,
-				});
-				await instanceConfigRepository.setExperimentDeliveryConfig(validated);
+				const patch = data.experiment_delivery;
+				await instanceConfigRepository.updateExperimentDeliveryConfig((current) =>
+					ExperimentDeliveryConfigSchema.parse({...current, ...patch}),
+				);
 			}
 			if (data.sso) {
 				const sso = data.sso;
@@ -292,21 +327,22 @@ export function InstanceConfigAdminController(app: HonoApp) {
 				const validated = await normalizeAndValidateSsoConfig(next, {
 					testModeEnabled: Config.dev.testModeEnabled,
 				});
+				const supplied = <T>(field: keyof typeof sso, value: T): T | undefined =>
+					readOptionalField(sso, field) === undefined ? undefined : value;
 				await instanceConfigRepository.setSsoConfig({
-					enabled: validated.enabled,
-					enforced: validated.enforced,
-					displayName: next.displayName,
-					issuer: validated.issuer,
-					authorizationUrl: validated.authorizationUrl,
-					tokenUrl: validated.tokenUrl,
-					userInfoUrl: validated.userInfoUrl,
-					jwksUrl: validated.jwksUrl,
-					clientId: validated.clientId,
+					enabled: supplied('enabled', validated.enabled),
+					enforced: supplied('enforced', validated.enforced),
+					displayName: supplied('display_name', next.displayName),
+					issuer: supplied('issuer', validated.issuer),
+					authorizationUrl: supplied('authorization_url', validated.authorizationUrl),
+					tokenUrl: supplied('token_url', validated.tokenUrl),
+					userInfoUrl: supplied('userinfo_url', validated.userInfoUrl),
+					jwksUrl: supplied('jwks_url', validated.jwksUrl),
+					clientId: supplied('client_id', validated.clientId),
 					clientSecret: readOptionalField(sso, 'client_secret'),
-					scope: next.scope,
-					allowedEmailDomains: validated.allowedEmailDomains,
-					autoProvision: next.autoProvision,
-					redirectUri: null,
+					scope: supplied('scope', next.scope),
+					allowedEmailDomains: supplied('allowed_domains', validated.allowedEmailDomains),
+					autoProvision: supplied('auto_provision', next.autoProvision),
 				});
 			}
 			if (data.registration) {
@@ -609,7 +645,6 @@ export function InstanceConfigAdminController(app: HonoApp) {
 		async (ctx) => {
 			const userId = ctx.req.valid('param').user_id.toString();
 			const decision = ctx.req.valid('json').status === 'approved' ? 'approve' : 'reject';
-			await instanceConfigRepository.getPendingRegistrations();
 			await updatePendingRegistrationUser(ctx, userId, decision);
 			await instanceConfigRepository.removePendingRegistration(userId);
 			return ctx.json(await buildInstanceConfigResponse());
@@ -622,27 +657,47 @@ async function applyInstancePolicyUpdate(
 	policy: NonNullable<InstanceConfigUpdateRequest['policy']>,
 ): Promise<void> {
 	const instanceConfigRepository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
-	const [current, appPublic] = await Promise.all([
-		instanceConfigRepository.getInstancePolicyConfig(),
-		instanceConfigRepository.getAppPublicConfig(),
-	]);
+	const appPublic = await instanceConfigRepository.getAppPublicConfig();
+	const adminUser =
+		policy.single_community_enabled === true
+			? await ctx.get('userRepository').findUnique(ctx.get('adminUserId'))
+			: null;
+	let enablesSingleCommunity = false;
+	await instanceConfigRepository.updateInstancePolicyConfig((current) => {
+		const planned = planInstancePolicyPatch(policy, current, {
+			setupConfigured: appPublic.setup.configured,
+			adminUserFound: adminUser !== null,
+		});
+		enablesSingleCommunity = planned.enablesSingleCommunity;
+		return planned.patch;
+	});
+	if (enablesSingleCommunity && adminUser) {
+		await ctx.get('singleCommunityService').ensureStockCommunity({
+			owner: adminUser,
+			name: policy.single_community_name?.trim() || appPublic.branding.product_name,
+		});
+	}
+	if (policy.premium_mode !== undefined) {
+		await ctx.get('limitConfigService').updatePolicyConfig({premium_mode: policy.premium_mode});
+	}
+}
+
+function planInstancePolicyPatch(
+	policy: NonNullable<InstanceConfigUpdateRequest['policy']>,
+	current: InstancePolicyConfig,
+	context: {setupConfigured: boolean; adminUserFound: boolean},
+): {patch: Partial<InstancePolicyConfig>; enablesSingleCommunity: boolean} {
 	const patch: Partial<InstancePolicyConfig> = {};
+	let enablesSingleCommunity = false;
 	if (
 		policy.single_community_enabled !== undefined &&
 		policy.single_community_enabled !== current.single_community_enabled
 	) {
 		if (policy.single_community_enabled) {
-			if (appPublic.setup.configured && current.single_community_guild_id == null) {
+			if ((context.setupConfigured && current.single_community_guild_id == null) || !context.adminUserFound) {
 				throw new InstancePolicyTransitionNotAllowedError();
 			}
-			const adminUser = await ctx.get('userRepository').findUnique(ctx.get('adminUserId'));
-			if (!adminUser) {
-				throw new InstancePolicyTransitionNotAllowedError();
-			}
-			await ctx.get('singleCommunityService').ensureStockCommunity({
-				owner: adminUser,
-				name: policy.single_community_name?.trim() || appPublic.branding.product_name,
-			});
+			enablesSingleCommunity = true;
 		} else {
 			patch.single_community_enabled = false;
 		}
@@ -663,9 +718,6 @@ async function applyInstancePolicyUpdate(
 			patch.direct_messages_locked = true;
 		}
 	}
-	if (policy.premium_mode !== undefined) {
-		patch.premium_mode = policy.premium_mode;
-	}
 	if (policy.services) {
 		if (policy.services.gif_enabled !== undefined) {
 			patch.gif_enabled = policy.services.gif_enabled ?? null;
@@ -688,11 +740,7 @@ async function applyInstancePolicyUpdate(
 			patch.deferred_phone_gate_member_threshold = policy.deferred_phone_gate.member_threshold;
 		}
 	}
-	if (patch.premium_mode !== undefined) {
-		await ctx.get('limitConfigService').updatePolicyConfig(patch);
-	} else if (Object.keys(patch).length > 0) {
-		await instanceConfigRepository.setInstancePolicyConfig(patch);
-	}
+	return {patch, enablesSingleCommunity};
 }

 async function updatePendingRegistrationUser(
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {Logger} from '@app/api/Logger';
 import {getGuildSearchService, getUserSearchService} from '@app/api/SearchFactory';
 import {FeatureTemporarilyDisabledError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/FeatureTemporarilyDisabledError';
 import {InputValidationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InputValidationError';
+import type {UserSearchFilters} from '@fluxer/schema/src/contracts/search/SearchDocumentTypes';
 import type {WorkerJobPayload} from '@pkgs/worker/src/contracts/WorkerTypes';

 interface RefreshSearchIndexJobPayload extends WorkerJobPayload {
@@ -130,16 +131,28 @@ export class AdminSearchService {
 			throw new FeatureTemporarilyDisabledError();
 		}
 		const query = data.query?.trim() || '';
+		const isBrowseAll = query === '' || query === '*';
+		const searchFilters: UserSearchFilters = isBrowseAll
+			? {sortBy: 'createdAt', sortOrder: 'asc'}
+			: {sortBy: 'relevance'};
 		const directUserId = /^\d+$/.test(query) ? createUserID(BigInt(query)) : null;
 		const canResolveDirectUser = directUserId !== null && !isSyntheticUserId(directUserId) && data.offset === 0;
 		const [searchResult, directUser] = await Promise.all([
-			userSearchService.search(query, {}, {limit: data.limit, offset: data.offset}),
+			userSearchService.search(query, searchFilters, {limit: data.limit, offset: data.offset}),
 			canResolveDirectUser ? userRepository.findUnique(directUserId).catch(() => null) : Promise.resolve(null),
 		]);
 		const {hits, total} = searchResult;
 		const userIds = hits.map((hit) => createUserID(BigInt(hit.id)));
 		const users = await userRepository.listUsers(userIds);
-		const response = await Promise.all(users.map((user) => mapUserToAdminResponse(user, cacheService, acls)));
+		const usersById = new Map(users.map((user) => [user.id.toString(), user]));
+		const orderedUsers = [];
+		for (const userId of userIds) {
+			const user = usersById.get(userId.toString());
+			if (user) {
+				orderedUsers.push(user);
+			}
+		}
+		const response = await Promise.all(orderedUsers.map((user) => mapUserToAdminResponse(user, cacheService, acls)));
 		if (directUser && data.offset === 0) {
 			const directId = directUser.id.toString();
 			if (!response.some((u) => u.id === directId)) {
@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ import * as AuthEmail from '@app/api/auth/AuthEmail';
 import * as AuthMfa from '@app/api/auth/AuthMfa';
 import * as AuthSession from '@app/api/auth/AuthSession';
 import * as AuthUtility from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
+import {visibleWebAuthnCredentials} from '@app/api/auth/services/PasskeyRelyingParty';
 import {createPasswordResetToken, createUserID, type UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
 import type {UserRow} from '@app/api/database/types/UserTypes';
 import {Logger} from '@app/api/Logger';
 import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
 import type {IRiskHistoryRepository} from '@app/api/risk/HistoricalOutcomeRepository';
 import type {HistoricalOutcomeCode} from '@app/api/risk/RiskHistoryTypes';
+import {mapWebAuthnCredentialToResponse} from '@app/api/user/UserMappers';
 import {resolveAssignedTraits} from '@app/api/user/UserTraits';
 import {getIpAddressReverse, getLocationLabelFromIp} from '@app/api/utils/IpUtils';
 import {resolveSessionClientInfo} from '@app/api/utils/SessionClientIdentity';
@@ -545,7 +547,7 @@ export class AdminUserSecurityService {
 		if (!user) {
 			throw new UnknownUserError();
 		}
-		const credentials = await userRepository.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+		const credentials = visibleWebAuthnCredentials(await userRepository.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId));
 		await auditService.createAuditLog({
 			adminUserId,
 			targetType: 'user',
@@ -554,12 +556,9 @@ export class AdminUserSecurityService {
 			auditLogReason,
 			metadata: new Map([['credential_count', credentials.length.toString()]]),
 		});
-		return credentials.map((cred) => ({
-			id: cred.credentialId,
-			name: cred.name,
-			created_at: cred.createdAt.toISOString(),
-			last_used_at: cred.lastUsedAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
-		}));
+		return credentials.map((cred) =>
+			mapWebAuthnCredentialToResponse(cred, this.deps.apiContext.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId),
+		);
 	}

 	async deleteWebAuthnCredential(
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@

 import {createTestAccount, createTotpSecret, generateTotpCode, setUserACLs} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
 import {
-	createRegistrationResponse,
 	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
 	type WebAuthnCredentialMetadata,
-	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
 import {type ApiTestHarness, createApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
 import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
@@ -31,13 +31,15 @@ describe('Admin WebAuthn credential delete', () => {
 	afterAll(async () => {
 		await harness?.shutdown();
 	});
-	test('removes the WebAuthn authenticator type when admin deletes the last credential', async () => {
-		let admin = await createTestAccount(harness);
-		admin = await setUserACLs(harness, admin, [
+	async function createAdmin() {
+		const admin = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		return await setUserACLs(harness, admin, [
 			AdminACLs.AUTHENTICATE,
 			AdminACLs.USER_LOOKUP,
 			AdminACLs.USER_UPDATE_MFA,
 		]);
+	}
+	async function createPasskeyTarget(twoFactorEnabled: boolean) {
 		const target = await createTestAccount(harness);
 		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
 		const secret = createTotpSecret();
@@ -45,28 +47,19 @@ describe('Admin WebAuthn credential delete', () => {
 			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
 			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: target.password})
 			.execute();
-		const registrationOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, target.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
-			.body({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)})
-			.execute();
-		if (registrationOptions.rp.id) {
-			device.rpId = registrationOptions.rp.id;
-		}
-		await createBuilder(harness, target.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.body({
-				response: createRegistrationResponse(device, registrationOptions, 'Admin Delete Test Passkey'),
-				challenge: registrationOptions.challenge,
-				name: 'Admin Delete Test Passkey',
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(
+			harness,
+			target.token,
+			device,
+			() => ({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)}),
+			'Admin Delete Test Passkey',
+		);
+		if (twoFactorEnabled) {
+			await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, target.token, true, {
 				mfa_method: 'totp',
 				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		const credentialsBeforeDelete = await createBuilder<Array<WebAuthnCredentialMetadata>>(harness, target.token)
-			.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.execute();
-		expect(credentialsBeforeDelete).toHaveLength(1);
+			});
+		}
 		await createBuilder(harness, target.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
 			.body({
@@ -76,6 +69,15 @@ describe('Admin WebAuthn credential delete', () => {
 			})
 			.expect(204)
 			.execute();
+		return target;
+	}
+	test('removes the WebAuthn authenticator type when admin deletes the last credential of a two-factor user', async () => {
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		const target = await createPasskeyTarget(true);
+		const credentialsBeforeDelete = await createBuilder<Array<WebAuthnCredentialMetadata>>(harness, target.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+			.execute();
+		expect(credentialsBeforeDelete).toHaveLength(1);
 		const userBeforeDelete = await createBuilder<AdminLookupResponse>(harness, `${admin.token}`)
 			.get(`/admin/users/${target.userId}`)
 			.execute();
@@ -93,4 +95,28 @@ describe('Admin WebAuthn credential delete', () => {
 			.execute();
 		expect(userAfterDelete.users[0]?.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
 	});
+	test('leaves the authenticator types empty throughout for a user who never turned passkey two-factor on', async () => {
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		const target = await createPasskeyTarget(false);
+		const credentialsBeforeDelete = await createBuilder<Array<WebAuthnCredentialMetadata>>(harness, target.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+			.execute();
+		expect(credentialsBeforeDelete).toHaveLength(1);
+		const userBeforeDelete = await createBuilder<AdminLookupResponse>(harness, `${admin.token}`)
+			.get(`/admin/users/${target.userId}`)
+			.execute();
+		expect(userBeforeDelete.users[0]?.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+		await createBuilder(harness, `${admin.token}`)
+			.delete(`/admin/users/${target.userId}/webauthn-credentials/${credentialsBeforeDelete[0]!.id}`)
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const credentialsAfterDelete = await createBuilder<Array<WebAuthnCredentialMetadata>>(harness, target.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+			.execute();
+		expect(credentialsAfterDelete).toHaveLength(0);
+		const userAfterDelete = await createBuilder<AdminLookupResponse>(harness, `${admin.token}`)
+			.get(`/admin/users/${target.userId}`)
+			.execute();
+		expect(userAfterDelete.users[0]?.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+	});
 });
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import type {AdminAuditLog} from '@app/api/admin/IAdminRepository';
+import type {TestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {createTestAccount, setUserACLs} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {setCassandraQueryExecutorForTesting} from '@app/api/database/CassandraQueryExecution';
+import {PushServiceDeliveryConfigPublisher} from '@app/api/instance/PushServiceDeliveryConfigPublisher';
+import {InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor} from '@app/api/instance/tests/InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor';
+import {getAdminRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {createApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {InMemoryCassandraQueryExecutor} from '@app/api/test/InMemoryCassandraQueryExecutor';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {AdminACLs} from '@fluxer/constants/src/AdminACLs';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import type {InstanceConfigResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/AdminSchemas';
+import {
+	DEFAULT_PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG,
+	type PushServiceDeliveryConfig,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/PushServiceDeliverySchemas';
+import {afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi} from 'vitest';
+
+const PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG_KEY = 'push_service_delivery_config';
+
+describe('instance config admin PATCH under concurrent writes', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	let executor: InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createApiTestHarness();
+		executor = new InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor(new InMemoryCassandraQueryExecutor());
+		setCassandraQueryExecutorForTesting(executor);
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		vi.restoreAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	const createAdmin = async (): Promise<TestAccount> =>
+		await setUserACLs(harness, await createTestAccount(harness), [
+			AdminACLs.AUTHENTICATE,
+			AdminACLs.INSTANCE_CONFIG_VIEW,
+			AdminACLs.INSTANCE_CONFIG_UPDATE,
+		]);
+
+	const patchConfig = (admin: TestAccount, body: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+		createBuilder<InstanceConfigResponse>(harness, admin.token).patch('/admin/instance/config').body(body);
+
+	const spyOnPushDeliveryPublishes = () =>
+		vi.spyOn(PushServiceDeliveryConfigPublisher.prototype, 'publish').mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+	async function readStoredPushServiceDelivery(): Promise<PushServiceDeliveryConfig> {
+		const raw = await executor.readDirectly(PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG_KEY);
+		if (raw === null) throw new Error('push service delivery config was never stored');
+		return JSON.parse(raw) as PushServiceDeliveryConfig;
+	}
+
+	async function listConfigUpdateAudits(): Promise<Array<AdminAuditLog>> {
+		const logs = await getAdminRepository().listAllAuditLogsPaginated(100000);
+		return logs.filter((log) => log.action === 'update_instance_config');
+	}
+
+	it('merges a standalone forwarding patch into the stored domain migration config', async () => {
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		await patchConfig(admin, {domain_migration: {enabled: true, rollout_basis_points: 250}}).execute();
+
+		const updated = await patchConfig(admin, {domain_migration: {standalone_forwarding: true}}).execute();
+
+		expect(updated.domain_migration).toMatchObject({
+			enabled: true,
+			rollout_basis_points: 250,
+			standalone_forwarding: true,
+			config_version: 2,
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('answers with a conflict and neither writes, publishes nor audits once every attempt has lost the race', async () => {
+		const publish = spyOnPushDeliveryPublishes();
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		await patchConfig(admin, {push_service_delivery: {enabled: true, rollout_basis_points: 1000}}).execute();
+		publish.mockClear();
+		const auditsBefore = await listConfigUpdateAudits();
+		executor.watch(PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG_KEY);
+		let competingWrites = 0;
+		executor.competeBeforeEachWrite(async () => {
+			competingWrites++;
+			await executor.writeDirectly(
+				PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG_KEY,
+				JSON.stringify({
+					...DEFAULT_PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG,
+					enabled: false,
+					rollout_basis_points: 1000,
+					config_version: 100 + competingWrites,
+				}),
+			);
+		});
+
+		await patchConfig(admin, {push_service_delivery: {rollout_basis_points: 5000}})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.CONFLICT, APIErrorCodes.CONFLICT)
+			.execute();
+
+		expect(executor.events).not.toContain('write');
+		expect(await readStoredPushServiceDelivery()).toEqual({
+			...DEFAULT_PUSH_SERVICE_DELIVERY_CONFIG,
+			enabled: false,
+			rollout_basis_points: 1000,
+			config_version: 100 + competingWrites,
+		});
+		expect(publish).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		expect(await listConfigUpdateAudits()).toHaveLength(auditsBefore.length);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import type {TestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {createTestAccount, setUserACLs} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {setCassandraQueryExecutorForTesting} from '@app/api/database/CassandraQueryExecution';
+import {InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor} from '@app/api/instance/tests/InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {createApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {InMemoryCassandraQueryExecutor} from '@app/api/test/InMemoryCassandraQueryExecutor';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {AdminACLs} from '@fluxer/constants/src/AdminACLs';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import type {InstanceConfigResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/AdminSchemas';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const INSTANCE_POLICY_CONFIG_KEY = 'instance_policy_config';
+
+describe('instance config admin PATCH against state another node changed', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	let executor: InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createApiTestHarness();
+		executor = new InstanceConfigWriteRaceExecutor(new InMemoryCassandraQueryExecutor());
+		setCassandraQueryExecutorForTesting(executor);
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	const createAdmin = async (): Promise<TestAccount> =>
+		await setUserACLs(harness, await createTestAccount(harness), [
+			AdminACLs.AUTHENTICATE,
+			AdminACLs.INSTANCE_CONFIG_VIEW,
+			AdminACLs.INSTANCE_CONFIG_UPDATE,
+		]);
+
+	const patchConfig = (admin: TestAccount, body: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+		createBuilder<InstanceConfigResponse>(harness, admin.token).patch('/admin/instance/config').body(body);
+
+	it('keeps an SSO field another node changed when a patch changes a different one', async () => {
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		await patchConfig(admin, {sso: {display_name: 'Before', client_id: 'client-before'}}).execute();
+		await executor.writeDirectly('sso_display_name', 'Changed on another node');
+
+		await patchConfig(admin, {sso: {client_id: 'client-after'}}).execute();
+
+		expect(await executor.readDirectly('sso_display_name')).toBe('Changed on another node');
+		expect(await executor.readDirectly('sso_client_id')).toBe('client-after');
+	});
+
+	it('refuses to disable direct messages when their lock lands between the read and the write', async () => {
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		await patchConfig(admin, {policy: {services: {gif_enabled: true}}}).execute();
+		executor.watch(INSTANCE_POLICY_CONFIG_KEY);
+		let competed = false;
+		executor.competeBeforeEachWrite(async () => {
+			if (competed) return;
+			competed = true;
+			await executor.writeDirectly(
+				INSTANCE_POLICY_CONFIG_KEY,
+				JSON.stringify({direct_messages_disabled: false, direct_messages_locked: true, gif_enabled: true}),
+			);
+		});
+
+		await patchConfig(admin, {policy: {direct_messages_disabled: true}})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.INSTANCE_POLICY_TRANSITION_NOT_ALLOWED)
+			.execute();
+
+		const stored = JSON.parse((await executor.readDirectly(INSTANCE_POLICY_CONFIG_KEY)) ?? 'null');
+		expect(stored).toMatchObject({direct_messages_disabled: false, direct_messages_locked: true, gif_enabled: true});
+	});
+
+	it('applies the DM rule and a premium mode change from one request', async () => {
+		const admin = await createAdmin();
+		await patchConfig(admin, {policy: {direct_messages_disabled: true}}).execute();
+
+		const updated = await patchConfig(admin, {
+			policy: {direct_messages_disabled: false, premium_mode: 'mirror'},
+		}).execute();
+
+		expect(updated.policy).toMatchObject({
+			direct_messages_disabled: false,
+			direct_messages_locked: true,
+			premium_mode: 'mirror',
+		});
+	});
+});
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 import {registerAdminControllers} from '@app/api/admin/controllers/index';
 import {AttachmentController} from '@app/api/attachment/AttachmentController';
 import {AuthController} from '@app/api/auth/AuthController';
+import {OriginHandoffController} from '@app/api/auth/OriginHandoffController';
+import {PasskeyBridgeController} from '@app/api/auth/PasskeyBridgeController';
 import {BlueskyOAuthController} from '@app/api/bluesky/BlueskyOAuthController';
 import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
 import {ChannelController} from '@app/api/channel/ChannelController';
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ export function registerControllers(routes: HonoApp, config: APIConfig): void {
 	GeolocationController(routes);
 	registerAdminControllers(routes);
 	AuthController(routes);
+	OriginHandoffController(routes);
+	PasskeyBridgeController(routes);
 	AttachmentController(routes);
 	ChannelController(routes);
 	ConnectionController(routes);
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {configureMiddleware} from '@app/api/app/MiddlewarePipeline';
+import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
+import {setInjectedWorkerService} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceRegistry';
+import {NoopLogger} from '@app/api/test/mocks/NoopLogger';
+import {NoopWorkerService} from '@app/api/test/NoopWorkerService';
+import type {HonoEnv} from '@app/api/types/HonoEnv';
+import {AppErrorHandler, AppNotFoundHandler} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/ErrorHandlers';
+import {Hono} from 'hono';
+import {afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const CLIENT_IP_HEADER_NAME = 'x-real-ip';
+
+function createProductionApp(): Hono<HonoEnv> {
+	const routes = new Hono<HonoEnv>({strict: true});
+	configureMiddleware(routes, {
+		logger: new NoopLogger(),
+		nodeEnv: 'production',
+		corsOrigins: ['https://web.fluxer.app'],
+		trustClientIpHeader: true,
+		clientIpHeaderName: CLIENT_IP_HEADER_NAME,
+		maxInflightRequests: 100,
+		torExitBlockingEnabled: false,
+	});
+	routes.onError(AppErrorHandler);
+	routes.notFound(AppNotFoundHandler);
+	routes.post('/internal/rpc', (ctx) => ctx.json({ok: true}));
+	routes.get('/connections/bluesky/jwks.json', (ctx) => ctx.json({keys: []}));
+	routes.get('/users/@me', (ctx) => ctx.json({ok: true}));
+	const app = new Hono<HonoEnv>({strict: true});
+	app.route('/v1', routes);
+	app.route('/', routes);
+	app.onError(AppErrorHandler);
+	app.notFound(AppNotFoundHandler);
+	return app;
+}
+
+describe('client ip requirements across the production middleware pipeline', () => {
+	let previousTestModeEnabled: boolean;
+	let previousTrustClientIpHeader: boolean;
+	let previousClientIpHeader: string;
+
+	beforeAll(() => {
+		setInjectedWorkerService(new NoopWorkerService());
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		previousTestModeEnabled = Config.dev.testModeEnabled;
+		previousTrustClientIpHeader = Config.proxy.trust_client_ip_header;
+		previousClientIpHeader = Config.proxy.client_ip_header;
+		Config.dev.testModeEnabled = false;
+		Config.proxy.trust_client_ip_header = true;
+		Config.proxy.client_ip_header = CLIENT_IP_HEADER_NAME;
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		Config.dev.testModeEnabled = previousTestModeEnabled;
+		Config.proxy.trust_client_ip_header = previousTrustClientIpHeader;
+		Config.proxy.client_ip_header = previousClientIpHeader;
+	});
+
+	it('serves the internal rpc route without a client ip header', async () => {
+		const app = createProductionApp();
+		const response = await app.request('http://api:8080/internal/rpc', {
+			method: 'POST',
+			headers: {'content-type': 'application/json'},
+			body: '{}',
+		});
+		expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+	});
+
+	it('serves the internal rpc route with a client ip header', async () => {
+		const app = createProductionApp();
+		const response = await app.request('http://api:8080/internal/rpc', {
+			method: 'POST',
+			headers: {'content-type': 'application/json', [CLIENT_IP_HEADER_NAME]: '203.0.113.10'},
+			body: '{}',
+		});
+		expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+	});
+
+	it('serves an exempt public route without a client ip header', async () => {
+		const app = createProductionApp();
+		const response = await app.request('http://api:8080/connections/bluesky/jwks.json');
+		expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+	});
+
+	it('still rejects a non exempt route without a client ip header', async () => {
+		const app = createProductionApp();
+		const response = await app.request('http://api:8080/users/@me');
+		expect(response.status).toBe(403);
+		expect(await response.json()).toMatchObject({code: 'FORBIDDEN'});
+	});
+});
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ export function AuthController(app: HonoApp) {
 				'Retrieve WebAuthn authentication challenge and options for passwordless login with biometrics or security keys.',
 		}),
 		async (ctx) => {
-			return ctx.json(await ctx.get('authRequestService').getWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions());
+			return ctx.json(await ctx.get('authRequestService').getWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(ctx.req.header('origin')));
 		},
 	);
 	app.post(
@@ -490,7 +490,9 @@ export function AuthController(app: HonoApp) {
 				'Retrieve WebAuthn challenge and options for multi-factor authentication. Requires the MFA ticket from initial login.',
 		}),
 		async (ctx) => {
-			return ctx.json(await ctx.get('authRequestService').getWebAuthnMfaOptions(ctx.req.valid('json')));
+			return ctx.json(
+				await ctx.get('authRequestService').getWebAuthnMfaOptions(ctx.req.valid('json'), ctx.req.header('origin')),
+			);
 		},
 	);
 	app.post(
@@ -602,6 +604,7 @@ export function AuthController(app: HonoApp) {
 				data: ctx.req.valid('json'),
 				clientIp,
 				authToken: ctx.get('authToken') ?? undefined,
+				approverOrigin: ctx.req.header('origin'),
 			});
 			return ctx.body(null, 204);
 		},
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import * as AuthMfa from '@app/api/auth/AuthMfa';
 import * as AuthPassword from '@app/api/auth/AuthPassword';
 import * as AuthSession from '@app/api/auth/AuthSession';
 import * as AuthUtility from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
+import {resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor} from '@app/api/auth/services/WebAuthnSecondFactor';
 import {
 	createInviteCode,
 	createIpAuthorizationTicket,
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ import type {InviteService} from '@app/api/invite/InviteService';
 import {Logger} from '@app/api/Logger';
 import {createRequestCache} from '@app/api/middleware/RequestCacheMiddleware';
 import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {AuthSession as AuthSessionModel} from '@app/api/models/AuthSession';
 import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
 import {lookupGeoip} from '@app/api/utils/IpUtils';
 import {createRateLimitError} from '@app/api/utils/RateLimitUtils';
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ import {ValidationErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ValidationErrorCodes';
 import {IpAuthorizationRequiredError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/IpAuthorizationRequiredError';
 import {IpAuthorizationResendCooldownError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/IpAuthorizationResendCooldownError';
 import {IpAuthorizationResendLimitExceededError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/IpAuthorizationResendLimitExceededError';
+import {MfaNotEnabledError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/MfaNotEnabledError';
 import {RegistrationPendingApprovalError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/RegistrationPendingApprovalError';
 import {RegistrationRejectedError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/RegistrationRejectedError';
 import {InputValidationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InputValidationError';
@@ -72,12 +75,13 @@ interface LoginTokenResult {
 	token: string;
 }

-interface LoginMfaResult {
+export interface LoginMfaResult {
 	mfa: true;
 	ticket: string;
 	allowed_methods: Array<string>;
 	totp: boolean;
 	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
 }

 type LoginResult = LoginTokenResult | LoginMfaResult;
@@ -323,7 +327,8 @@ export async function login(
 		}
 	}
 	if (hasMfa) {
-		return await createMfaTicketResponse(ctx, currentUser);
+		const webauthnIsSecondFactor = await resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor(ctx, currentUser);
+		return await createMfaTicketResponse(ctx, currentUser, webauthnIsSecondFactor);
 	}
 	if (data.invite_code && inviteService) {
 		try {
@@ -349,7 +354,7 @@ export async function login(
 const MFA_TICKET_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 5;
 const MFA_USER_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 10;

-async function consumeMfaAttempt(
+export async function consumeMfaAttempt(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	{userId, ticket, field}: {userId: string; ticket: string; field: string},
 ): Promise<void> {
@@ -377,7 +382,7 @@ export async function loginMfaTotp(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	{code, ticket, request}: LoginMfaTotpParams,
 ): Promise<LoginTokenResult> {
-	const {users, cache, rateLimit} = ctx.services;
+	const {users, cache} = ctx.services;
 	const userId = await cache.get<string>(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`);
 	if (!userId) {
 		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('ticket', ValidationErrorCodes.SESSION_TIMEOUT);
@@ -387,34 +392,50 @@ export async function loginMfaTotp(
 		throw new UnknownUserError();
 	}
 	AuthUtility.assertNonBotUser(ctx, user);
-	if (!user.totpSecret || !user.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP)) {
+	const hasTotp = Boolean(user.totpSecret) && user.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP);
+	if (!hasTotp && !(await AuthMfa.hasUnconsumedBackupCodes(ctx, user.id))) {
 		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('code', ValidationErrorCodes.TOTP_NOT_ENABLED);
 	}
 	await consumeMfaAttempt(ctx, {userId: user.id.toString(), ticket, field: 'code'});
 	const isValid = await AuthMfa.verifyMfaCode(ctx, {
 		userId: user.id,
-		mfaSecret: user.totpSecret,
+		mfaSecret: hasTotp ? user.totpSecret : null,
 		code,
 		allowBackup: true,
 	});
 	if (!isValid) {
 		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('code', ValidationErrorCodes.INVALID_CODE);
 	}
+	const [token] = await completeMfaLogin(ctx, user, ticket, request);
+	return {user_id: user.id.toString(), token};
+}
+
+export async function createLoginSession(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	user: User,
+	request: Request,
+): Promise<[token: string, AuthSessionModel]> {
+	return AuthSession.createAuthSession(ctx, {user, origin: AuthSession.resolveSessionOrigin(ctx, request)});
+}
+
+export async function completeMfaLogin(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	user: User,
+	ticket: string,
+	request: Request,
+): Promise<[token: string, AuthSessionModel]> {
+	const {cache, rateLimit} = ctx.services;
 	await cache.delete(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`);
 	await rateLimit.resetLimit(`mfa:ticket:${ticket}`);
 	await rateLimit.resetLimit(`mfa:user:${user.id}`);
-	const [token] = await AuthSession.createAuthSession(ctx, {
-		user,
-		origin: AuthSession.resolveSessionOrigin(ctx, request),
-	});
-	return {user_id: user.id.toString(), token};
+	return createLoginSession(ctx, user, request);
 }

 export async function loginMfaWebAuthn(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	{response, challenge, ticket, request}: LoginMfaWebAuthnParams,
 ): Promise<LoginTokenResult> {
-	const {users, cache, rateLimit} = ctx.services;
+	const {users, cache} = ctx.services;
 	const userId = await cache.get<string>(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`);
 	if (!userId) {
 		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('ticket', ValidationErrorCodes.SESSION_TIMEOUT);
@@ -424,33 +445,35 @@ export async function loginMfaWebAuthn(
 		throw new UnknownUserError();
 	}
 	AuthUtility.assertNonBotUser(ctx, user);
+	if (!(await resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor(ctx, user))) {
+		throw new MfaNotEnabledError();
+	}
 	await consumeMfaAttempt(ctx, {userId: user.id.toString(), ticket, field: 'ticket'});
 	await AuthMfa.verifyWebAuthnAuthentication(ctx, user.id, response, challenge, 'mfa', ticket);
-	await cache.delete(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`);
-	await rateLimit.resetLimit(`mfa:ticket:${ticket}`);
-	await rateLimit.resetLimit(`mfa:user:${user.id}`);
-	const [token] = await AuthSession.createAuthSession(ctx, {
-		user,
-		origin: AuthSession.resolveSessionOrigin(ctx, request),
-	});
+	const [token] = await completeMfaLogin(ctx, user, ticket, request);
 	return {user_id: user.id.toString(), token};
 }

-async function createMfaTicketResponse(ctx: ApiContext, user: User): Promise<LoginMfaResult> {
-	const {users, cache} = ctx.services;
+export async function createMfaTicketResponse(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	user: User,
+	webauthnIsSecondFactor: boolean,
+): Promise<LoginMfaResult> {
+	const {cache} = ctx.services;
 	const ticket = createMfaTicket(await AuthUtility.generateSecureToken(ctx));
 	await cache.set(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`, user.id.toString(), seconds('5 minutes'));
-	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(user.id);
-	const hasWebauthn = credentials.length > 0;
 	const hasTotp = user.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP);
+	const hasBackupCodes = await AuthMfa.hasUnconsumedBackupCodes(ctx, user.id);
 	const allowedMethods: Array<string> = [];
 	if (hasTotp) allowedMethods.push('totp');
-	if (hasWebauthn) allowedMethods.push('webauthn');
+	if (webauthnIsSecondFactor) allowedMethods.push('webauthn');
+	if (hasBackupCodes) allowedMethods.push('backup_codes');
 	return {
 		mfa: true,
 		ticket,
 		allowed_methods: allowedMethods,
 		totp: hasTotp,
-		webauthn: hasWebauthn,
+		webauthn: webauthnIsSecondFactor,
+		backup_codes: hasBackupCodes,
 	};
 }
@@ -2,12 +2,21 @@

 import {timingSafeEqual} from 'node:crypto';
 import type {ApiContext} from '@app/api/ApiContext';
-import {deriveSudoMethods, userHasMfa} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoMethods';
+import * as AuthUtility from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
+import {
+	type CredentialRpSelection,
+	effectiveRpId,
+	originRpId,
+	selectCredentialRp,
+	visibleWebAuthnCredentials,
+} from '@app/api/auth/services/PasskeyRelyingParty';
+import {deriveSudoMethods, userHasMfa, userHasSudoCapability} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoMethods';
 import {createUserID, type UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
 import {Logger} from '@app/api/Logger';
+import type {MfaBackupCode} from '@app/api/models/MfaBackupCode';
 import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
 import type {WebAuthnCredential} from '@app/api/models/WebAuthnCredential';
-import {mapUserToPrivateResponse} from '@app/api/user/UserMappers';
+import {mapUserToPrivateResponse, mapWebAuthnCredentialToResponse} from '@app/api/user/UserMappers';
 import {TotpGenerator} from '@app/api/utils/TotpGenerator';
 import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
 import {ValidationErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ValidationErrorCodes';
@@ -20,7 +29,12 @@ import {PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/
 import {UnknownWebAuthnCredentialError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/UnknownWebAuthnCredentialError';
 import {WebAuthnCredentialLimitReachedError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/WebAuthnCredentialLimitReachedError';
 import {InputValidationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InputValidationError';
-import type {AuthenticationResponseJSON, RegistrationResponseJSON} from '@simplewebauthn/server';
+import type {
+	AuthenticationResponseJSON,
+	PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptionsJSON,
+	PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON,
+	RegistrationResponseJSON,
+} from '@simplewebauthn/server';
 import {
 	generateAuthenticationOptions,
 	generateRegistrationOptions,
@@ -31,7 +45,41 @@ import {
 } from '@simplewebauthn/server';
 import {ms, seconds} from 'itty-time';

-type WebAuthnChallengeContext = 'registration' | 'discoverable' | 'mfa' | 'sudo';
+type WebAuthnChallengeContext = 'registration' | 'discoverable' | 'mfa' | 'sudo' | 'bridge' | 'migration_registration';
+
+interface WebAuthnChallengeEntry {
+	context: WebAuthnChallengeContext;
+	userId?: string;
+	ticket?: string;
+	rpId?: string;
+	credentialIds?: Array<string> | null;
+}
+
+interface WebAuthnChallengeScope {
+	rpId: string;
+	credentialIds: Array<string> | null;
+}
+
+interface WebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsParams {
+	selection: CredentialRpSelection | {rpId: string; credentials: null};
+	context: WebAuthnChallengeContext;
+	userId?: UserID;
+	ticket?: string;
+}
+
+interface WebAuthnRegistrationOptionsParams {
+	rpId: string;
+	context: WebAuthnChallengeContext;
+	excludeCredentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>;
+}
+
+interface VerifiedWebAuthnRegistration {
+	credentialId: string;
+	publicKey: Buffer;
+	counter: bigint;
+	transports: Set<string> | null;
+	rpId: string;
+}

 interface SudoMfaVerificationParams {
 	userId: UserID;
@@ -48,7 +96,7 @@ interface SudoMfaVerificationResult {

 interface VerifyMfaCodeParams {
 	userId: UserID;
-	mfaSecret: string;
+	mfaSecret: string | null;
 	code: string;
 	allowBackup?: boolean;
 }
@@ -56,9 +104,15 @@ interface VerifyMfaCodeParams {
 interface AvailableMfaMethods {
 	totp: boolean;
 	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
 	has_mfa: boolean;
 }

+interface SetWebAuthnTwoFactorResult {
+	user: User;
+	backupCodes: Array<MfaBackupCode> | null;
+}
+
 function constantTimeEquals(a: string, b: string): boolean {
 	const bufferA = Buffer.from(a);
 	const bufferB = Buffer.from(b);
@@ -72,24 +126,31 @@ function normalizeBackupCode(code: string): string {
 	return code.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9]/g, '');
 }

+export async function hasUnconsumedBackupCodes(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<boolean> {
+	const backupCodes = await ctx.services.users.listMfaBackupCodes(userId);
+	return backupCodes.some((backupCode) => !backupCode.consumed);
+}
+
 export async function verifyMfaCode(ctx: ApiContext, params: VerifyMfaCodeParams): Promise<boolean> {
 	const {userId, mfaSecret, code, allowBackup = false} = params;
 	const {users, cache, config} = ctx.services;
-	try {
-		const totp = new TotpGenerator(mfaSecret);
-		const isValidTotp = await totp.validateTotp(code);
-		if (isValidTotp) {
-			if (config.dev.testModeEnabled) {
-				return true;
-			}
-			const reuseKey = `mfa-totp:${userId}:${code}`;
-			const lockToken = await cache.acquireLock(reuseKey, seconds('90 seconds'));
-			if (lockToken) {
-				return true;
+	if (mfaSecret !== null) {
+		try {
+			const totp = new TotpGenerator(mfaSecret);
+			const isValidTotp = await totp.validateTotp(code);
+			if (isValidTotp) {
+				if (config.dev.testModeEnabled) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				const reuseKey = `mfa-totp:${userId}:${code}`;
+				const lockToken = await cache.acquireLock(reuseKey, seconds('90 seconds'));
+				if (lockToken) {
+					return true;
+				}
 			}
+		} catch (error) {
+			Logger.error({userId, code: `${code.slice(0, 3)}***`, error}, 'Failed to validate TOTP code');
 		}
-	} catch (error) {
-		Logger.error({userId, code: `${code.slice(0, 3)}***`, error}, 'Failed to validate TOTP code');
 	}
 	if (allowBackup) {
 		const normalizedCode = normalizeBackupCode(code);
@@ -107,37 +168,117 @@ export async function verifyMfaCode(ctx: ApiContext, params: VerifyMfaCodeParams
 	return false;
 }

-export async function generateWebAuthnRegistrationOptions(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID) {
+function toCredentialDescriptor(credential: WebAuthnCredential) {
+	return {
+		id: credential.credentialId,
+		transports: credential.transports
+			? (Array.from(credential.transports) as Array<'usb' | 'nfc' | 'ble' | 'internal' | 'cable' | 'hybrid'>)
+			: undefined,
+	};
+}
+
+export function storedRpId(ctx: ApiContext, rpId: string): string | null {
+	return rpId === ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId ? null : rpId;
+}
+
+export async function createWebAuthnRegistrationOptions(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	{rpId, context, excludeCredentials}: WebAuthnRegistrationOptionsParams,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptionsJSON> {
 	const {users, config} = ctx.services;
 	const user = await users.findUniqueAssert(userId);
-	const existingCredentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
-	if (existingCredentials.length >= 10) {
-		throw new WebAuthnCredentialLimitReachedError();
-	}
 	const options = await generateRegistrationOptions({
 		rpName: config.auth.passkeys.rpName,
-		rpID: config.auth.passkeys.rpId,
+		rpID: rpId,
 		userID: new TextEncoder().encode(user.id.toString()),
 		userName: user.username!,
 		userDisplayName: user.username!,
 		attestationType: 'none',
 		supportedAlgorithmIDs: [-8, -7, -257],
-		excludeCredentials: existingCredentials.map((cred) => ({
-			id: cred.credentialId,
-			transports: cred.transports
-				? (Array.from(cred.transports) as Array<'usb' | 'nfc' | 'ble' | 'internal' | 'cable' | 'hybrid'>)
-				: undefined,
-		})),
+		excludeCredentials: excludeCredentials.map(toCredentialDescriptor),
 		authenticatorSelection: {
 			residentKey: 'preferred',
 			requireResidentKey: false,
 			userVerification: 'preferred',
 		},
 	});
-	await saveWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, options.challenge, {context: 'registration', userId});
+	await saveWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, options.challenge, {context, userId, rpId, credentialIds: null});
 	return options;
 }

+export async function generateWebAuthnRegistrationOptions(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	origin: string | null | undefined,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptionsJSON> {
+	const existingCredentials = await ctx.services.users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	if (visibleWebAuthnCredentials(existingCredentials).length >= 10) {
+		throw new WebAuthnCredentialLimitReachedError();
+	}
+	return createWebAuthnRegistrationOptions(ctx, userId, {
+		rpId: originRpId(ctx, origin),
+		context: 'registration',
+		excludeCredentials: existingCredentials,
+	});
+}
+
+export async function verifyWebAuthnRegistrationResponse(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	response: RegistrationResponseJSON,
+	expectedChallenge: string,
+	context: WebAuthnChallengeContext,
+	expectedOrigin: Array<string> = ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.allowedOrigins,
+): Promise<VerifiedWebAuthnRegistration> {
+	const {config} = ctx.services;
+	const {rpId} = await consumeWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, expectedChallenge, context, {userId});
+	const responseObj = response as {id?: string; response?: {transports?: Array<string>}};
+	const transports = responseObj.response?.transports ? new Set(responseObj.response.transports) : null;
+	if (config.dev.testModeEnabled) {
+		const credentialId = responseObj.id ?? `test-credential:${userId.toString()}:${Date.now()}`;
+		return {credentialId, publicKey: Buffer.from(`test-public-key:${credentialId}`), counter: 0n, transports, rpId};
+	}
+	let verification: VerifiedRegistrationResponse;
+	try {
+		verification = await verifyRegistrationResponse({
+			response,
+			expectedChallenge,
+			expectedOrigin,
+			expectedRPID: rpId,
+			requireUserVerification: false,
+			supportedAlgorithmIDs: [-8, -7, -257],
+		});
+	} catch (error) {
+		Logger.error({error, userId, expectedChallenge, rpId, expectedOrigin}, 'WebAuthn verification failed');
+		throw new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialError();
+	}
+	if (!verification.verified || !verification.registrationInfo) {
+		Logger.error(
+			{userId, verified: verification.verified, hasRegistrationInfo: !!verification.registrationInfo},
+			'WebAuthn verification result invalid',
+		);
+		throw new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialError();
+	}
+	const {credential} = verification.registrationInfo;
+	let publicKeyBuffer: Buffer;
+	let counterBigInt: bigint;
+	try {
+		publicKeyBuffer = Buffer.from(credential.publicKey);
+	} catch (_error) {
+		throw new InvalidWebAuthnPublicKeyFormatError();
+	}
+	try {
+		if (credential.counter === undefined || credential.counter === null) {
+			throw new Error('Counter value is undefined or null');
+		}
+		counterBigInt = BigInt(credential.counter);
+	} catch (_error) {
+		throw new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialCounterError();
+	}
+	return {credentialId: credential.id, publicKey: publicKeyBuffer, counter: counterBigInt, transports, rpId};
+}
+
 export async function verifyWebAuthnRegistration(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	userId: UserID,
@@ -145,104 +286,90 @@ export async function verifyWebAuthnRegistration(
 	expectedChallenge: string,
 	name: string,
 ): Promise<void> {
-	const {users, gateway, botMfaMirror, config} = ctx.services;
-	const user = await users.findUniqueAssert(userId);
+	const {users} = ctx.services;
 	const existingCredentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
-	await consumeWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, expectedChallenge, 'registration', {userId});
-	if (existingCredentials.length >= 10) {
+	if (visibleWebAuthnCredentials(existingCredentials).length >= 10) {
 		throw new WebAuthnCredentialLimitReachedError();
 	}
-	if (config.dev.testModeEnabled) {
-		const responseObj = response as {id?: string; response?: {transports?: Array<string>}};
-		const credentialId = responseObj.id ?? `test-credential:${userId.toString()}:${Date.now()}`;
-		const publicKeyBuffer = Buffer.from(`test-public-key:${credentialId}`);
-		await users.createWebAuthnCredential(
-			userId,
-			credentialId,
-			publicKeyBuffer,
-			0n,
-			responseObj.response?.transports ? new Set(responseObj.response.transports) : null,
-			name,
-		);
-	} else {
-		const expectedOrigin = config.auth.passkeys.allowedOrigins;
-		const rpID = config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
-		let verification: VerifiedRegistrationResponse;
-		try {
-			verification = await verifyRegistrationResponse({
-				response,
-				expectedChallenge,
-				expectedOrigin,
-				expectedRPID: rpID,
-				requireUserVerification: false,
-				supportedAlgorithmIDs: [-8, -7, -257],
-			});
-		} catch (error) {
-			Logger.error({error, userId, expectedChallenge, rpID, expectedOrigin}, 'WebAuthn verification failed');
-			throw new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialError();
-		}
-		if (!verification.verified || !verification.registrationInfo) {
-			Logger.error(
-				{userId, verified: verification.verified, hasRegistrationInfo: !!verification.registrationInfo},
-				'WebAuthn verification result invalid',
-			);
-			throw new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialError();
-		}
-		const {credential} = verification.registrationInfo;
-		let publicKeyBuffer: Buffer;
-		let counterBigInt: bigint;
-		try {
-			publicKeyBuffer = Buffer.from(credential.publicKey);
-		} catch (_error) {
-			throw new InvalidWebAuthnPublicKeyFormatError();
-		}
-		try {
-			if (credential.counter === undefined || credential.counter === null) {
-				throw new Error('Counter value is undefined or null');
-			}
-			counterBigInt = BigInt(credential.counter);
-		} catch (_error) {
-			throw new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialCounterError();
-		}
-		const responseObj = response as {response?: {transports?: Array<string>}};
-		await users.createWebAuthnCredential(
-			userId,
-			credential.id,
-			publicKeyBuffer,
-			counterBigInt,
-			responseObj.response?.transports ? new Set(responseObj.response.transports) : null,
-			name,
-		);
-	}
-	const authenticatorTypes = user.authenticatorTypes || new Set<number>();
-	if (!authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN)) {
-		authenticatorTypes.add(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
-		const updatedUser = await users.patchUpsert(userId, {authenticator_types: authenticatorTypes}, user.toRow());
-		await gateway.dispatchPresence({userId, event: 'USER_UPDATE', data: mapUserToPrivateResponse(updatedUser)});
-		await botMfaMirror.syncAuthenticatorTypesForOwner(updatedUser);
-	}
+	const verified = await verifyWebAuthnRegistrationResponse(ctx, userId, response, expectedChallenge, 'registration');
+	await users.createWebAuthnCredential(
+		userId,
+		verified.credentialId,
+		verified.publicKey,
+		verified.counter,
+		verified.transports,
+		name,
+		storedRpId(ctx, verified.rpId),
+	);
 	await dispatchWebAuthnCredentialsUpdate(ctx, userId);
 }

 export async function deleteWebAuthnCredential(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID, credentialId: string): Promise<void> {
 	const {users, gateway, botMfaMirror} = ctx.services;
 	const credential = await users.getWebAuthnCredential(userId, credentialId);
-	if (!credential) {
+	if (!credential || credential.supersededBy !== null) {
 		throw new UnknownWebAuthnCredentialError();
 	}
 	await users.deleteWebAuthnCredential(userId, credentialId);
-	const remainingCredentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	const remaining = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	const remainingCredentials = visibleWebAuthnCredentials(remaining);
+	const orphanedTwins = remaining.filter(
+		(cred) => cred.supersededBy === credentialId || (cred.supersededBy !== null && remainingCredentials.length === 0),
+	);
+	for (const twin of orphanedTwins) {
+		await users.deleteWebAuthnCredential(userId, twin.credentialId);
+	}
 	if (remainingCredentials.length === 0) {
 		const user = await users.findUniqueAssert(userId);
-		const authenticatorTypes = user.authenticatorTypes || new Set<number>();
-		authenticatorTypes.delete(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
-		const updatedUser = await users.patchUpsert(userId, {authenticator_types: authenticatorTypes}, user.toRow());
-		await gateway.dispatchPresence({userId, event: 'USER_UPDATE', data: mapUserToPrivateResponse(updatedUser)});
-		await botMfaMirror.syncAuthenticatorTypesForOwner(updatedUser);
+		if (user.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN)) {
+			const authenticatorTypes = new Set<number>(user.authenticatorTypes ?? []);
+			authenticatorTypes.delete(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
+			const updatedUser = await users.patchUpsert(userId, {authenticator_types: authenticatorTypes}, user.toRow());
+			if (!userHasMfa(updatedUser)) {
+				await users.clearMfaBackupCodes(userId);
+			}
+			await gateway.dispatchPresence({userId, event: 'USER_UPDATE', data: mapUserToPrivateResponse(updatedUser)});
+			await botMfaMirror.syncAuthenticatorTypesForOwner(updatedUser);
+		}
 	}
 	await dispatchWebAuthnCredentialsUpdate(ctx, userId);
 }

+export async function setWebAuthnTwoFactor(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	enabled: boolean,
+): Promise<SetWebAuthnTwoFactorResult> {
+	const {users, gateway, botMfaMirror} = ctx.services;
+	const user = await users.findUniqueAssert(userId);
+	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	if (enabled && credentials.length === 0) {
+		throw new NoPasskeysRegisteredError();
+	}
+	const authenticatorTypes = new Set<number>(user.authenticatorTypes ?? []);
+	if (authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN) === enabled) {
+		return {user, backupCodes: null};
+	}
+	if (enabled) {
+		authenticatorTypes.add(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
+	} else {
+		authenticatorTypes.delete(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
+	}
+	const updatedUser = await users.patchUpsert(userId, {authenticator_types: authenticatorTypes}, user.toRow());
+	let backupCodes: Array<MfaBackupCode> | null = null;
+	if (enabled) {
+		const existingBackupCodes = await users.listMfaBackupCodes(userId);
+		if (existingBackupCodes.every((backupCode) => backupCode.consumed)) {
+			backupCodes = await users.createMfaBackupCodes(userId, AuthUtility.generateBackupCodes(ctx));
+		}
+	} else if (!userHasMfa(updatedUser)) {
+		await users.clearMfaBackupCodes(userId);
+	}
+	await gateway.dispatchPresence({userId, event: 'USER_UPDATE', data: mapUserToPrivateResponse(updatedUser)});
+	await botMfaMirror.syncAuthenticatorTypesForOwner(updatedUser);
+	return {user: updatedUser, backupCodes};
+}
+
 export async function renameWebAuthnCredential(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	userId: UserID,
@@ -251,37 +378,66 @@ export async function renameWebAuthnCredential(
 ): Promise<void> {
 	const {users} = ctx.services;
 	const credential = await users.getWebAuthnCredential(userId, credentialId);
-	if (!credential) {
+	if (!credential || credential.supersededBy !== null) {
 		throw new UnknownWebAuthnCredentialError();
 	}
 	await users.updateWebAuthnCredentialName(userId, credentialId, name);
 	await dispatchWebAuthnCredentialsUpdate(ctx, userId);
 }

-async function dispatchWebAuthnCredentialsUpdate(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<void> {
-	const {users, gateway} = ctx.services;
+export async function dispatchWebAuthnCredentialsUpdate(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<void> {
+	const {users, gateway, config} = ctx.services;
 	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
 	await gateway.dispatchPresence({
 		userId,
 		event: 'WEBAUTHN_CREDENTIALS_UPDATE',
-		data: credentials.map((cred: WebAuthnCredential) => ({
-			id: cred.credentialId,
-			name: cred.name,
-			created_at: cred.createdAt.toISOString(),
-			last_used_at: cred.lastUsedAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
-		})),
+		data: visibleWebAuthnCredentials(credentials).map((cred) =>
+			mapWebAuthnCredentialToResponse(cred, config.auth.passkeys.rpId),
+		),
 	});
 }

-export async function generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsDiscoverable(ctx: ApiContext) {
+export async function generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	{selection, context, userId, ticket}: WebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsParams,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON> {
 	const options = await generateAuthenticationOptions({
-		rpID: ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId,
-		userVerification: 'required',
+		rpID: selection.rpId,
+		allowCredentials: selection.credentials?.map(toCredentialDescriptor),
+		userVerification: selection.credentials === null ? 'required' : 'discouraged',
+	});
+	await saveWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, options.challenge, {
+		context,
+		userId,
+		ticket,
+		rpId: selection.rpId,
+		credentialIds: selection.credentials?.map((cred) => cred.credentialId) ?? null,
 	});
-	await saveWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, options.challenge, {context: 'discoverable'});
 	return options;
 }

+function selectCredentialRpOrThrow(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string | null | undefined,
+	credentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>,
+): CredentialRpSelection {
+	const selection = selectCredentialRp(ctx, origin, credentials);
+	if (selection.credentials.length === 0) {
+		throw new NoPasskeysRegisteredError();
+	}
+	return selection;
+}
+
+export async function generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsDiscoverable(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string | null | undefined,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON> {
+	return generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(ctx, {
+		selection: {rpId: originRpId(ctx, origin), credentials: null},
+		context: 'discoverable',
+	});
+}
+
 export async function verifyWebAuthnAuthenticationDiscoverable(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	response: AuthenticationResponseJSON,
@@ -297,29 +453,24 @@ export async function verifyWebAuthnAuthenticationDiscoverable(
 	return users.findUniqueAssert(userId);
 }

-export async function generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsForMfa(ctx: ApiContext, ticket: string) {
-	const {users, cache, config} = ctx.services;
+export async function generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsForMfa(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ticket: string,
+	origin: string | null | undefined,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON> {
+	const {users, cache} = ctx.services;
 	const userIdStr = await cache.get<string>(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`);
 	if (!userIdStr) {
 		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('ticket', ValidationErrorCodes.SESSION_TIMEOUT);
 	}
 	const userId = createUserID(BigInt(userIdStr));
 	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
-	if (credentials.length === 0) {
-		throw new NoPasskeysRegisteredError();
-	}
-	const options = await generateAuthenticationOptions({
-		rpID: config.auth.passkeys.rpId,
-		allowCredentials: credentials.map((cred) => ({
-			id: cred.credentialId,
-			transports: cred.transports
-				? (Array.from(cred.transports) as Array<'usb' | 'nfc' | 'ble' | 'internal' | 'cable' | 'hybrid'>)
-				: undefined,
-		})),
-		userVerification: 'discouraged',
+	return generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(ctx, {
+		selection: selectCredentialRpOrThrow(ctx, origin, credentials),
+		context: 'mfa',
+		userId,
+		ticket,
 	});
-	await saveWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, options.challenge, {context: 'mfa', userId, ticket});
-	return options;
 }

 export async function verifyWebAuthnAuthentication(
@@ -329,21 +480,26 @@ export async function verifyWebAuthnAuthentication(
 	expectedChallenge: string,
 	context: WebAuthnChallengeContext = 'mfa',
 	ticket?: string,
-): Promise<void> {
+	expectedOrigin: Array<string> = ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.allowedOrigins,
+): Promise<WebAuthnCredential> {
 	const {users, config} = ctx.services;
-	await consumeWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, expectedChallenge, context, {userId, ticket});
+	const scope = await consumeWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, expectedChallenge, context, {userId, ticket});
 	const credentialId = (response as {id: string}).id;
 	const credential = await users.getWebAuthnCredential(userId, credentialId);
 	if (!credential) {
 		throw new PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError();
 	}
+	if (
+		effectiveRpId(ctx, credential) !== scope.rpId ||
+		(scope.credentialIds !== null && !scope.credentialIds.includes(credentialId))
+	) {
+		throw new PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError();
+	}
 	if (config.dev.testModeEnabled) {
 		await users.updateWebAuthnCredentialCounter(userId, credentialId, credential.counter + 1n);
 		await users.updateWebAuthnCredentialLastUsed(userId, credentialId);
-		return;
+		return credential;
 	}
-	const expectedOrigin = config.auth.passkeys.allowedOrigins;
-	const rpID = config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
 	let verification: VerifiedAuthenticationResponse;
 	try {
 		let publicKeyUint8Array: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
@@ -358,15 +514,12 @@ export async function verifyWebAuthnAuthentication(
 			response,
 			expectedChallenge,
 			expectedOrigin,
-			expectedRPID: rpID,
-			requireUserVerification: requiresWebAuthnUserVerification(context),
+			expectedRPID: scope.rpId,
+			requireUserVerification: requiresWebAuthnUserVerification(context, scope),
 			credential: {
-				id: credential.credentialId,
+				...toCredentialDescriptor(credential),
 				publicKey: publicKeyUint8Array,
 				counter: Number(credential.counter),
-				transports: credential.transports
-					? (Array.from(credential.transports) as Array<'usb' | 'nfc' | 'ble' | 'internal' | 'cable' | 'hybrid'>)
-					: undefined,
 			},
 		});
 	} catch (_error) {
@@ -387,31 +540,25 @@ export async function verifyWebAuthnAuthentication(
 	}
 	await users.updateWebAuthnCredentialCounter(userId, credentialId, newCounter);
 	await users.updateWebAuthnCredentialLastUsed(userId, credentialId);
+	return credential;
 }

-export async function generateWebAuthnOptionsForSudo(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID) {
-	const {users, config} = ctx.services;
-	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
-	if (credentials.length === 0) {
-		throw new NoPasskeysRegisteredError();
-	}
-	const options = await generateAuthenticationOptions({
-		rpID: config.auth.passkeys.rpId,
-		allowCredentials: credentials.map((cred) => ({
-			id: cred.credentialId,
-			transports: cred.transports
-				? (Array.from(cred.transports) as Array<'usb' | 'nfc' | 'ble' | 'internal' | 'cable' | 'hybrid'>)
-				: undefined,
-		})),
-		userVerification: 'discouraged',
+export async function generateWebAuthnOptionsForSudo(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	origin: string | null | undefined,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON> {
+	const credentials = await ctx.services.users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	return generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(ctx, {
+		selection: selectCredentialRpOrThrow(ctx, origin, credentials),
+		context: 'sudo',
+		userId,
 	});
-	await saveWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, options.challenge, {context: 'sudo', userId});
-	return options;
 }

 const SUDO_MFA_USER_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 10;

-async function consumeSudoMfaAttempt(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<void> {
+export async function consumeSudoMfaAttempt(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<void> {
 	const {rateLimit} = ctx.services;
 	const userLimit = await rateLimit.checkLimit({
 		identifier: `sudo-mfa:user:${userId}`,
@@ -430,16 +577,17 @@ export async function verifySudoMfa(
 	const {users} = ctx.services;
 	const {userId, method, code, webauthnResponse, webauthnChallenge} = params;
 	const user = await users.findUnique(userId);
-	const hasMfa =
-		(user?.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP) ?? false) ||
-		(user?.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN) ?? false);
-	if (!user || !hasMfa) {
+	if (!user) {
+		return {success: false, error: 'MFA not enabled'};
+	}
+	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	const hasPasskeyCredentials = credentials.length > 0;
+	if (!userHasSudoCapability(user, hasPasskeyCredentials)) {
 		return {success: false, error: 'MFA not enabled'};
 	}
 	switch (method) {
 		case 'totp': {
 			if (!code) return {success: false, error: 'TOTP code is required'};
-			if (!user.totpSecret) return {success: false, error: 'TOTP is not enabled'};
 			await consumeSudoMfaAttempt(ctx, userId);
 			const isValid = await verifyMfaCode(ctx, {userId, mfaSecret: user.totpSecret, code, allowBackup: true});
 			if (isValid) {
@@ -451,7 +599,7 @@ export async function verifySudoMfa(
 			if (!webauthnResponse || !webauthnChallenge) {
 				return {success: false, error: 'WebAuthn response and challenge are required'};
 			}
-			if (!user.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN)) {
+			if (!hasPasskeyCredentials) {
 				return {success: false, error: 'WebAuthn is not enabled'};
 			}
 			try {
@@ -467,15 +615,19 @@ export async function verifySudoMfa(
 }

 export async function getAvailableMfaMethods(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<AvailableMfaMethods> {
-	const user = await ctx.services.users.findUnique(userId);
+	const {users} = ctx.services;
+	const user = await users.findUnique(userId);
 	if (!user) {
-		return {totp: false, webauthn: false, has_mfa: false};
+		return {totp: false, webauthn: false, backup_codes: false, has_mfa: false};
 	}
-	const methods = deriveSudoMethods(user);
+	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	const hasPasskeyCredentials = credentials.length > 0;
+	const methods = deriveSudoMethods(user, hasPasskeyCredentials, await hasUnconsumedBackupCodes(ctx, userId));
 	return {
 		totp: methods.totp,
 		webauthn: methods.webauthn,
-		has_mfa: userHasMfa(user),
+		backup_codes: methods.backup_codes,
+		has_mfa: userHasSudoCapability(user, hasPasskeyCredentials),
 	};
 }

@@ -483,20 +635,33 @@ function webAuthnChallengeCacheKey(challenge: string): string {
 	return `webauthn:challenge:${challenge}`;
 }

-function requiresWebAuthnUserVerification(context: WebAuthnChallengeContext): boolean {
-	return context === 'discoverable';
+function requiresWebAuthnUserVerification(context: WebAuthnChallengeContext, scope: WebAuthnChallengeScope): boolean {
+	return context === 'discoverable' || (context === 'bridge' && scope.credentialIds === null);
 }

 async function saveWebAuthnChallenge(
 	ctx: ApiContext,
 	challenge: string,
-	entry: {context: WebAuthnChallengeContext; userId?: UserID; ticket?: string},
+	entry: {
+		context: WebAuthnChallengeContext;
+		userId?: UserID;
+		ticket?: string;
+		rpId: string;
+		credentialIds: Array<string> | null;
+	},
 ): Promise<void> {
-	await ctx.services.cache.set(
-		webAuthnChallengeCacheKey(challenge),
-		{context: entry.context, userId: entry.userId?.toString(), ticket: entry.ticket},
-		seconds('5 minutes'),
-	);
+	const value: WebAuthnChallengeEntry = {
+		context: entry.context,
+		userId: entry.userId?.toString(),
+		ticket: entry.ticket,
+		rpId: entry.rpId,
+		credentialIds: entry.credentialIds,
+	};
+	await ctx.services.cache.set(webAuthnChallengeCacheKey(challenge), value, seconds('5 minutes'));
+}
+
+export async function deleteWebAuthnChallenge(ctx: ApiContext, challenge: string): Promise<void> {
+	await ctx.services.cache.delete(webAuthnChallengeCacheKey(challenge));
 }

 async function consumeWebAuthnChallenge(
@@ -504,10 +669,8 @@ async function consumeWebAuthnChallenge(
 	challenge: string,
 	expectedContext: WebAuthnChallengeContext,
 	{userId, ticket}: {userId?: UserID; ticket?: string} = {},
-): Promise<void> {
-	const {cache} = ctx.services;
-	const key = webAuthnChallengeCacheKey(challenge);
-	const cached = await cache.get<{context: WebAuthnChallengeContext; userId?: string; ticket?: string}>(key);
+): Promise<WebAuthnChallengeScope> {
+	const cached = await ctx.services.cache.getAndDelete<WebAuthnChallengeEntry>(webAuthnChallengeCacheKey(challenge));
 	const challengeMatches =
 		cached &&
 		cached.context === expectedContext &&
@@ -529,11 +692,14 @@ async function consumeWebAuthnChallenge(
 		);
 		throw createChallengeError(expectedContext);
 	}
-	await cache.delete(key);
+	return {
+		rpId: cached.rpId ?? ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId,
+		credentialIds: cached.credentialIds ?? null,
+	};
 }

 function createChallengeError(context: WebAuthnChallengeContext) {
-	if (context === 'registration') {
+	if (context === 'registration' || context === 'migration_registration') {
 		return new InvalidWebAuthnCredentialError();
 	}
 	return new PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError();
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@

 import crypto from 'node:crypto';
 import type {ApiContext} from '@app/api/ApiContext';
+import {createMfaTicketResponse, type LoginMfaResult} from '@app/api/auth/AuthLogin';
 import * as AuthSession from '@app/api/auth/AuthSession';
 import * as AuthUtility from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
-import {createMfaTicket, createPasswordResetToken} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import {resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor} from '@app/api/auth/services/WebAuthnSecondFactor';
+import {createPasswordResetToken} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
 import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
+import type {UserRow} from '@app/api/database/types/UserTypes';
 import {Logger} from '@app/api/Logger';
-import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
 import {EXTERNAL_RESPONSE_LIMITS} from '@app/api/utils/ExternalResponseLimits';
 import * as FetchUtils from '@app/api/utils/FetchUtils';
 import {hashPassword as hashPasswordUtil, verifyPassword as verifyPasswordUtil} from '@app/api/utils/PasswordUtils';
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ import {InputValidationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InputValidat
 import {requireClientIp} from '@fluxer/ip_utils/src/ClientIp';
 import {getSameIpDecisionKey} from '@fluxer/ip_utils/src/IpAddress';
 import type {ForgotPasswordRequest, ResetPasswordRequest} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/AuthSchemas';
-import {ms, seconds} from 'itty-time';
+import {ms} from 'itty-time';

 const PWNED_PASSWORDS_TIMEOUT_MS = ms('5 seconds');
 const PWNED_PASSWORD_CACHE_MAX_PREFIXES = 128;
@@ -91,13 +93,7 @@ type ResetPasswordResult =
 			user_id: string;
 			token: string;
 	  }
-	| {
-			mfa: true;
-			ticket: string;
-			allowed_methods: Array<string>;
-			totp: boolean;
-			webauthn: boolean;
-	  };
+	| LoginMfaResult;

 const pwnedPasswordCache = new PwnedPasswordCache(PWNED_PASSWORD_CACHE_MAX_PREFIXES, ms('1 hour'));

@@ -267,22 +263,26 @@ export async function resetPassword(
 	if (await isPasswordPwned(ctx, data.password)) {
 		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('password', ValidationErrorCodes.PASSWORD_IS_TOO_COMMON);
 	}
+	const webauthnIsSecondFactor = await resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor(ctx, user);
+	const hasMfa = user.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP) || webauthnIsSecondFactor;
 	const newPasswordHash = await hashPassword(ctx, data.password);
-	const updatedUser = await users.patchUpsert(
-		user.id,
-		{
-			password_hash: newPasswordHash,
-			password_last_changed_at: new Date(),
-		},
-		user.toRow(),
-	);
+	const updates: Partial<UserRow> = {
+		password_hash: newPasswordHash,
+		password_last_changed_at: new Date(),
+	};
+	if (webauthnIsSecondFactor && !user.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN)) {
+		const authenticatorTypes = new Set<number>(user.authenticatorTypes);
+		authenticatorTypes.add(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
+		updates.authenticator_types = authenticatorTypes;
+	}
+	const updatedUser = await users.patchUpsert(user.id, updates, user.toRow());
+	if (updates.authenticator_types) {
+		await ctx.services.botMfaMirror.syncAuthenticatorTypesForOwner(updatedUser);
+	}
 	await AuthSession.terminateAllUserSessions(ctx, user.id);
 	await users.deletePasswordResetToken(data.token);
-	const hasMfa =
-		updatedUser.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP) ||
-		updatedUser.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
 	if (hasMfa) {
-		return await createMfaTicketResponse(ctx, updatedUser);
+		return await createMfaTicketResponse(ctx, updatedUser, webauthnIsSecondFactor);
 	}
 	const [token] = await AuthSession.createAuthSession(ctx, {
 		user: updatedUser,
@@ -290,31 +290,3 @@ export async function resetPassword(
 	});
 	return {user_id: updatedUser.id.toString(), token};
 }
-
-async function createMfaTicketResponse(
-	ctx: ApiContext,
-	user: User,
-): Promise<{
-	mfa: true;
-	ticket: string;
-	allowed_methods: Array<string>;
-	totp: boolean;
-	webauthn: boolean;
-}> {
-	const {users, cache} = ctx.services;
-	const ticket = createMfaTicket(await AuthUtility.generateSecureToken(ctx));
-	await cache.set(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`, user.id.toString(), seconds('5 minutes'));
-	const credentials = await users.listWebAuthnCredentials(user.id);
-	const hasWebauthn = credentials.length > 0;
-	const hasTotp = user.authenticatorTypes.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP);
-	const allowedMethods: Array<string> = [];
-	if (hasTotp) allowedMethods.push('totp');
-	if (hasWebauthn) allowedMethods.push('webauthn');
-	return {
-		mfa: true,
-		ticket: ticket,
-		allowed_methods: allowedMethods,
-		totp: hasTotp,
-		webauthn: hasWebauthn,
-	};
-}
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ import * as AuthUtility from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
 import type {IRegistrationRiskEvaluator} from '@app/api/auth/services/IRegistrationRiskEvaluator';
 import {createEmailVerificationToken, createInviteCode, createUserID, type UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
 import type {APIConfig} from '@app/api/config/APIConfig';
+import type {UserRow} from '@app/api/database/types/UserTypes';
 import type {IDiscriminatorService} from '@app/api/infrastructure/DiscriminatorService';
 import type {KVActivityTracker} from '@app/api/infrastructure/KVActivityTracker';
 import {
 	type InstanceConfigRepository,
 	type InstanceRegistrationUrl,
 	REGISTRATION_PENDING_APPROVAL_TRAIT,
+	type RegistrationUrlClaim,
 } from '@app/api/instance/InstanceConfigRepository';
 import type {SingleCommunityService} from '@app/api/instance/SingleCommunityService';
 import type {InviteService} from '@app/api/invite/InviteService';
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ import {profileSubstringBlocklistCache} from '@app/api/middleware/ProfileSubstri
 import type {RequestCache} from '@app/api/middleware/RequestCacheMiddleware';
 import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
 import {UserSettings} from '@app/api/models/UserSettings';
-import {countryRequiresInboundPhoneVerification} from '@app/api/risk/AbusePolicy';
+import {countryRequiresInboundPhoneVerification, stripDisallowedPhoneFlags} from '@app/api/risk/AbusePolicy';
 import {
 	type IAccountPolicyEvaluator,
 	isAssessmentThresholdAuditEvent,
@@ -135,9 +137,6 @@ export async function register(
 	}
 	const now = new Date();
 	const registrationAccess = await resolveRegistrationAccess(instanceConfigRepository, data.registration_url_code);
-	if (registrationAccess.pendingApproval) {
-		await instanceConfigRepository.getPendingRegistrations();
-	}
 	const clientIp = requireClientIp(request, {
 		trustClientIpHeader: config.proxy.trust_client_ip_header,
 		clientIpHeaderName: config.proxy.client_ip_header,
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ export async function register(
 	const userLocale = parseAcceptLanguage(acceptLanguage);
 	const passwordHash = data.password ? await AuthPassword.hashPassword(ctx, data.password) : null;
 	const flags = config.nodeEnv === 'development' ? UserFlags.STAFF : 0n;
-	let user = await users.create({
+	const userRow: UserRow = {
 		user_id: userId,
 		username,
 		discriminator,
@@ -287,7 +286,39 @@ export async function register(
 		mention_flags: null,
 		last_voice_activity_sharing_change_at: null,
 		version: 1,
-	});
+	};
+	const registrationUrlUse = await claimRegistrationUrlUse(
+		instanceConfigRepository,
+		registrationAccess.registrationUrl,
+		userId,
+	);
+	let user: User;
+	let createAttempted = false;
+	try {
+		if (registrationAccess.pendingApproval) {
+			await instanceConfigRepository.addPendingRegistration({
+				user_id: userId.toString(),
+				username: userRow.username,
+				discriminator: userRow.discriminator,
+				global_name: userRow.global_name,
+				email: rawEmail,
+				requested_at: now.toISOString(),
+				registration_url_id: registrationAccess.registrationUrl?.id ?? null,
+				client_ip: clientIp,
+			});
+		}
+		createAttempted = true;
+		user = await users.create(userRow);
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (!createAttempted) {
+			await withdrawSignupOfUncreatedAccount(instanceConfigRepository, {
+				userId,
+				registrationUrlUse,
+				pendingApproval: registrationAccess.pendingApproval,
+			});
+		}
+		throw error;
+	}
 	await users.upsertSettings(
 		UserSettings.getDefaultUserSettings({
 			userId,
@@ -331,7 +362,9 @@ export async function register(
 			action: riskResult.recommendedAction,
 		},
 	});
-	const combinedFlags = await deferPhoneFlagsUntilCommunityJoin(policyDecision.flagBits);
+	const combinedFlags = await deferPhoneFlagsUntilCommunityJoin(
+		await stripDisallowedPhoneFlags(policyDecision.flagBits, async () => countryCode),
+	);
 	const createdAt = new Date();
 	const riskContext = deriveLatestRiskContext({
 		userId: userId.toString(),
@@ -401,20 +434,7 @@ export async function register(
 	}
 	if (rawEmail && emailEnabled) await maybeSendVerificationEmail(ctx, {user, email: rawEmail});
 	await users.createAuthorizedIp(userId, clientIp);
-	if (registrationAccess.registrationUrl) {
-		await instanceConfigRepository.recordRegistrationUrlUse(registrationAccess.registrationUrl.id, user.id.toString());
-	}
 	if (registrationAccess.pendingApproval) {
-		await instanceConfigRepository.addPendingRegistration({
-			user_id: user.id.toString(),
-			username: user.username,
-			discriminator: user.discriminator,
-			global_name: user.globalName,
-			email: rawEmail,
-			requested_at: now.toISOString(),
-			registration_url_id: registrationAccess.registrationUrl?.id ?? null,
-			client_ip: clientIp,
-		});
 		return {
 			registration_pending_approval: true,
 			user_id: user.id.toString(),
@@ -469,6 +489,38 @@ function shouldAttemptBootstrapAdminGrant(
 	);
 }

+async function claimRegistrationUrlUse(
+	instanceConfigRepository: InstanceConfigRepository,
+	registrationUrl: InstanceRegistrationUrl | null,
+	userId: UserID,
+): Promise<RegistrationUrlClaim | null> {
+	if (registrationUrl === null) return null;
+	const use = await instanceConfigRepository.claimRegistrationUrlUse(registrationUrl.id, userId.toString());
+	if (use === null) {
+		throw new RegistrationUrlInvalidError();
+	}
+	return use;
+}
+
+async function withdrawSignupOfUncreatedAccount(
+	instanceConfigRepository: InstanceConfigRepository,
+	signup: {userId: UserID; registrationUrlUse: RegistrationUrlClaim | null; pendingApproval: boolean},
+): Promise<void> {
+	try {
+		if (signup.registrationUrlUse !== null) {
+			await instanceConfigRepository.releaseRegistrationUrlUse(signup.registrationUrlUse);
+		}
+		if (signup.pendingApproval) {
+			await instanceConfigRepository.removePendingRegistration(signup.userId.toString());
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		Logger.warn(
+			{userId: signup.userId.toString(), registrationUrlId: signup.registrationUrlUse?.registration_url_id, error},
+			'[AuthRegistration] Failed to withdraw the registration URL use or pending approval of an account that was never created',
+		);
+	}
+}
+
 async function resolveRegistrationAccess(
 	instanceConfigRepository: InstanceConfigRepository,
 	registrationUrlCode: string | null | undefined,
@@ -8,12 +8,19 @@ import * as AuthMfa from '@app/api/auth/AuthMfa';
 import * as AuthPassword from '@app/api/auth/AuthPassword';
 import * as AuthRegistration from '@app/api/auth/AuthRegistration';
 import * as AuthSession from '@app/api/auth/AuthSession';
+import {getTokenIdHash} from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
 import type {DesktopHandoffService} from '@app/api/auth/services/DesktopHandoffService';
 import type {SsoService} from '@app/api/auth/services/SsoService';
 import {createUserID, type UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import {Logger} from '@app/api/Logger';
 import type {RequestCache} from '@app/api/middleware/RequestCacheMiddleware';
 import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
 import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
+import {
+	classifyWebPushOrigin,
+	encodePushSessionIdHash,
+	recordPushSessionPredecessor,
+} from '@app/api/user/services/WebPushOriginReplacement';
 import {mapUserToPartialResponse} from '@app/api/user/UserMappers';
 import {lookupGeoip} from '@app/api/utils/IpUtils';
 import {parseJsonRecord} from '@app/api/utils/JsonBoundaryUtils';
@@ -91,6 +98,7 @@ interface AuthHandoffCompleteRequest {
 	data: HandoffCompleteRequest;
 	clientIp: string;
 	authToken?: string;
+	approverOrigin?: string | null;
 }

 interface AuthAuthorizeIpRequest {
@@ -272,21 +280,18 @@ export class AuthRequestService {
 		return {completed: false};
 	}

-	async getWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions() {
-		return AuthMfa.generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsDiscoverable(this.apiContext);
+	async getWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(origin: string | undefined) {
+		return AuthMfa.generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsDiscoverable(this.apiContext, origin);
 	}

 	async authenticateWebAuthnDiscoverable({data, request}: AuthWebAuthnAuthenticateRequest) {
 		const user = await AuthMfa.verifyWebAuthnAuthenticationDiscoverable(this.apiContext, data.response, data.challenge);
-		const [token] = await AuthSession.createAuthSession(this.apiContext, {
-			user,
-			origin: AuthSession.resolveSessionOrigin(this.apiContext, request),
-		});
+		const [token] = await AuthLogin.createLoginSession(this.apiContext, user, request);
 		return {token, user_id: user.id.toString(), user: mapUserToPartialResponse(user)};
 	}

-	async getWebAuthnMfaOptions({ticket}: MfaTicketRequest) {
-		return AuthMfa.generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsForMfa(this.apiContext, ticket);
+	async getWebAuthnMfaOptions({ticket}: MfaTicketRequest, origin: string | undefined) {
+		return AuthMfa.generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptionsForMfa(this.apiContext, ticket, origin);
 	}

 	async loginMfaWebAuthn({data, request}: AuthWebAuthnMfaRequest): Promise<AuthTokenWithUserIdResponse> {
@@ -305,7 +310,10 @@ export class AuthRequestService {

 	async initiateHandoff({request}: AuthHandoffInitiateRequest): Promise<HandoffInitiateResponse> {
 		const origin = AuthSession.resolveSessionOrigin(this.apiContext, request);
-		const result = await this.desktopHandoffService.initiateHandoff({origin});
+		const result = await this.desktopHandoffService.initiateHandoff({
+			origin,
+			initiatorOrigin: request.headers.get('origin'),
+		});
 		return {
 			code: result.code,
 			expires_at: result.expiresAt.toISOString(),
@@ -340,21 +348,53 @@ export class AuthRequestService {
 		};
 	}

-	async completeHandoff({data, clientIp, authToken}: AuthHandoffCompleteRequest): Promise<void> {
+	async completeHandoff({data, clientIp, authToken, approverOrigin}: AuthHandoffCompleteRequest): Promise<void> {
 		const sessionToken = data.token ?? authToken;
 		if (!sessionToken) {
 			throw new UnauthorizedError();
 		}
-		await this.desktopHandoffService.completeHandoff(
+		let createdToken: string | null = null;
+		const {initiatorOrigin} = await this.desktopHandoffService.completeHandoff(
 			data.code,
-			(origin) =>
-				AuthSession.createAdditionalAuthSessionFromToken(this.apiContext, {
+			async (origin) => {
+				const created = await AuthSession.createAdditionalAuthSessionFromToken(this.apiContext, {
 					token: sessionToken,
 					expectedUserId: data.user_id,
 					origin,
-				}),
+				});
+				createdToken = created.token;
+				return created;
+			},
 			clientIp,
 		);
+		if (createdToken !== null) {
+			await this.recordPushSessionPredecessor(createdToken, sessionToken, initiatorOrigin, approverOrigin);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private async recordPushSessionPredecessor(
+		createdToken: string,
+		approverToken: string,
+		initiatorOrigin: string | null,
+		approverOrigin: string | null | undefined,
+	): Promise<void> {
+		const {config, kv} = this.apiContext.services;
+		const {selfHosted} = config.instance;
+		if (
+			classifyWebPushOrigin(initiatorOrigin, selfHosted) !== 'target' ||
+			classifyWebPushOrigin(approverOrigin, selfHosted) !== 'legacy'
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		try {
+			await recordPushSessionPredecessor(
+				kv,
+				encodePushSessionIdHash(getTokenIdHash(this.apiContext, createdToken)),
+				encodePushSessionIdHash(getTokenIdHash(this.apiContext, approverToken)),
+			);
+		} catch (error) {
+			Logger.warn({error}, 'Failed to record the push session predecessor');
+		}
 	}

 	async getHandoffStatus({code, clientIp, pollSecret}: AuthHandoffStatusRequest): Promise<HandoffStatusResponse> {
@@ -417,6 +457,7 @@ export class AuthRequestService {
 			...result,
 			totp: allowedMethods.has('totp'),
 			webauthn: allowedMethods.has('webauthn'),
+			backup_codes: allowedMethods.has('backup_codes'),
 		};
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createOriginHandoff, redeemOriginHandoff} from '@app/api/auth/services/OriginHandoffService';
+import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
+import {DefaultUserOnly, LoginRequired} from '@app/api/middleware/AuthMiddleware';
+import {RateLimitMiddleware} from '@app/api/middleware/RateLimitMiddleware';
+import {OpenAPI} from '@app/api/middleware/ResponseTypeMiddleware';
+import {RateLimitConfigs} from '@app/api/RateLimitConfig';
+import type {HonoApp} from '@app/api/types/HonoEnv';
+import {Validator} from '@app/api/Validator';
+import {FileSizeTooLargeError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/FileSizeTooLargeError';
+import {InvalidApiOriginError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InvalidApiOriginError';
+import {
+	ORIGIN_HANDOFF_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH,
+	OriginHandoffCreateRequest,
+	OriginHandoffCreateResponse,
+	OriginHandoffRedeemRequest,
+	OriginHandoffRedeemResponse,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/OriginHandoffSchemas';
+import {bodyLimit} from 'hono/body-limit';
+
+const ORIGIN_HANDOFF_CREATE_MAX_BODY_BYTES = ORIGIN_HANDOFF_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH + 1024;
+
+export function OriginHandoffController(app: HonoApp) {
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/origin-handoff',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_ORIGIN_HANDOFF_CREATE),
+		LoginRequired,
+		DefaultUserOnly,
+		bodyLimit({
+			maxSize: ORIGIN_HANDOFF_CREATE_MAX_BODY_BYTES,
+			onError: () => {
+				throw new FileSizeTooLargeError(ORIGIN_HANDOFF_CREATE_MAX_BODY_BYTES);
+			},
+		}),
+		Validator('json', OriginHandoffCreateRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'create_origin_handoff',
+			summary: 'Create origin handoff',
+			responseSchema: OriginHandoffCreateResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: ['sessionToken'],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description:
+				'Store encrypted client state for up to two minutes so another first-party web origin can redeem it once. The receiving origin must present the nonce whose SHA-256 digest is sent here.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			const body = ctx.req.valid('json');
+			const handoffId = await createOriginHandoff(ctx.get('cacheService'), {
+				userId: ctx.get('user').id,
+				nonceHash: body.nonce_hash,
+				payload: body.payload,
+			});
+			const response: OriginHandoffCreateResponse = {handoff_id: handoffId};
+			return ctx.json(response);
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/origin-handoff/redeem',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_ORIGIN_HANDOFF_REDEEM),
+		Validator('json', OriginHandoffRedeemRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'redeem_origin_handoff',
+			summary: 'Redeem origin handoff',
+			responseSchema: OriginHandoffRedeemResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: [],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description:
+				'Return the encrypted client state stored by create origin handoff and delete it in the same step. A wrong nonce also consumes the handoff. On the official instance the request must come from a first-party web origin.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			if (!Config.instance.selfHosted) {
+				const origin = ctx.req.header('origin');
+				if (origin === undefined || !Config.endpoints.webAppOrigins.includes(origin)) {
+					throw new InvalidApiOriginError();
+				}
+			}
+			const body = ctx.req.valid('json');
+			const payload = await redeemOriginHandoff(ctx.get('cacheService'), {
+				handoffId: body.handoff_id,
+				nonce: body.nonce,
+			});
+			const response: OriginHandoffRedeemResponse = {payload};
+			return ctx.json(response);
+		},
+	);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {
+	cancelPasskeyBridge,
+	completePasskeyBridge,
+	getPasskeyBridgeOptions,
+	redeemPasskeyBridgeLogin,
+	redeemPasskeyBridgeSudo,
+	startPasskeyBridgeLogin,
+	startPasskeyBridgeSudo,
+} from '@app/api/auth/services/PasskeyBridgeService';
+import {DefaultUserOnly, LoginRequired} from '@app/api/middleware/AuthMiddleware';
+import {LocalAuthMiddleware} from '@app/api/middleware/LocalAuthMiddleware';
+import {RateLimitMiddleware} from '@app/api/middleware/RateLimitMiddleware';
+import {OpenAPI} from '@app/api/middleware/ResponseTypeMiddleware';
+import {RateLimitConfigs} from '@app/api/RateLimitConfig';
+import type {HonoApp} from '@app/api/types/HonoEnv';
+import {Validator} from '@app/api/Validator';
+import {
+	PasskeyBridgeCeremonyIdParam,
+	PasskeyBridgeCompleteRequest,
+	PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeLoginRedeemResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeLoginStartRequest,
+	PasskeyBridgeOptionsResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest,
+	PasskeyBridgeStartResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeSudoStartRequest,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/PasskeyBridgeSchemas';
+
+export function PasskeyBridgeController(app: HonoApp) {
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/passkey-bridge',
+		LocalAuthMiddleware,
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_START),
+		Validator('json', PasskeyBridgeLoginStartRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'start_passkey_bridge_login',
+			summary: 'Start passkey bridge sign in',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeStartResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: [],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description:
+				'Start a sign in or two-factor ceremony for a passkey that belongs to the paired first-party origin. Only available on the official instance from the new origin.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			return ctx.json(
+				await startPasskeyBridgeLogin(ctx.get('apiContext'), ctx.req.header('origin'), ctx.req.valid('json')),
+			);
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/users/@me/passkey-bridge',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.USER_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_START),
+		LoginRequired,
+		DefaultUserOnly,
+		Validator('json', PasskeyBridgeSudoStartRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'start_passkey_bridge_sudo',
+			summary: 'Start passkey bridge sudo verification',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeStartResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: ['bearerToken', 'sessionToken'],
+			tags: ['Users'],
+			description:
+				'Start a sudo verification ceremony for a passkey that belongs to the paired first-party origin. Only available on the official instance from the new origin.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			return ctx.json(
+				await startPasskeyBridgeSudo(
+					ctx.get('apiContext'),
+					ctx.req.header('origin'),
+					ctx.get('user').id,
+					ctx.req.valid('json'),
+				),
+			);
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/passkey-bridge/:ceremony_id/options',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_CEREMONY),
+		Validator('param', PasskeyBridgeCeremonyIdParam),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'get_passkey_bridge_options',
+			summary: 'Get passkey bridge options',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeOptionsResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: [],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description:
+				'Issue WebAuthn authentication options for a pending passkey bridge ceremony. The request must come from the origin that runs the ceremony.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			const {ceremony_id} = ctx.req.valid('param');
+			return ctx.json(await getPasskeyBridgeOptions(ctx.get('apiContext'), ceremony_id, ctx.req.header('origin')));
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/passkey-bridge/:ceremony_id/complete',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_CEREMONY),
+		Validator('param', PasskeyBridgeCeremonyIdParam),
+		Validator('json', PasskeyBridgeCompleteRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'complete_passkey_bridge',
+			summary: 'Complete passkey bridge',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: [],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description:
+				'Verify the WebAuthn response for a pending passkey bridge ceremony. A failed verification leaves the ceremony pending so it can be retried.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			const {ceremony_id} = ctx.req.valid('param');
+			return ctx.json(
+				await completePasskeyBridge(
+					ctx.get('apiContext'),
+					ceremony_id,
+					ctx.req.header('origin'),
+					ctx.req.valid('json'),
+				),
+			);
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/passkey-bridge/:ceremony_id/cancel',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_CEREMONY),
+		Validator('param', PasskeyBridgeCeremonyIdParam),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'cancel_passkey_bridge',
+			summary: 'Cancel passkey bridge',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: [],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description: 'Cancel a passkey bridge ceremony that has not completed.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			const {ceremony_id} = ctx.req.valid('param');
+			return ctx.json(await cancelPasskeyBridge(ctx.get('apiContext'), ceremony_id, ctx.req.header('origin')));
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/auth/passkey-bridge/:ceremony_id/redeem',
+		LocalAuthMiddleware,
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.AUTH_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_REDEEM),
+		Validator('param', PasskeyBridgeCeremonyIdParam),
+		Validator('json', PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'redeem_passkey_bridge_login',
+			summary: 'Redeem passkey bridge sign in',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeLoginRedeemResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: [],
+			tags: ['Auth'],
+			description:
+				'Redeem a finished sign in or two-factor passkey bridge ceremony once. Requires the nonce kept by the starting page and the completion code handed back when the ceremony finished.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			const {ceremony_id} = ctx.req.valid('param');
+			return ctx.json(
+				await redeemPasskeyBridgeLogin(
+					ctx.get('apiContext'),
+					ceremony_id,
+					ctx.req.header('origin'),
+					ctx.req.valid('json'),
+					ctx.req.raw,
+				),
+			);
+		},
+	);
+	app.post(
+		'/users/@me/passkey-bridge/:ceremony_id/redeem',
+		RateLimitMiddleware(RateLimitConfigs.USER_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_REDEEM),
+		LoginRequired,
+		DefaultUserOnly,
+		Validator('param', PasskeyBridgeCeremonyIdParam),
+		Validator('json', PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest),
+		OpenAPI({
+			operationId: 'redeem_passkey_bridge_sudo',
+			summary: 'Redeem passkey bridge sudo verification',
+			responseSchema: PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse,
+			statusCode: 200,
+			security: ['bearerToken', 'sessionToken'],
+			tags: ['Users'],
+			description:
+				'Redeem a finished sudo passkey bridge ceremony once for a sudo mode token. Requires the nonce kept by the starting page and the completion code handed back when the ceremony finished.',
+		}),
+		async (ctx) => {
+			const {ceremony_id} = ctx.req.valid('param');
+			return ctx.json(
+				await redeemPasskeyBridgeSudo(
+					ctx.get('apiContext'),
+					ceremony_id,
+					ctx.req.header('origin'),
+					ctx.req.valid('json'),
+					ctx.get('user').id,
+					ctx.get('authSession'),
+				),
+			);
+		},
+	);
+}
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ const POLL_SECRET_BYTES = 32;
 interface HandoffData {
 	createdAt: number;
 	origin: SessionOrigin;
+	initiatorOrigin?: string | null;
 	infoLookupCount: number;
 	pollSecretHash: string;
 }
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ function pollSecretMatches(presented: string | undefined, storedHash: string | u
 export class DesktopHandoffService {
 	constructor(private readonly apiContext: ApiContext) {}

-	async initiateHandoff(args: {origin: SessionOrigin}): Promise<{
+	async initiateHandoff(args: {origin: SessionOrigin; initiatorOrigin?: string | null}): Promise<{
 		code: string;
 		expiresAt: Date;
 		pollSecret: string;
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ export class DesktopHandoffService {
 		const handoffData: HandoffData = {
 			createdAt: Date.now(),
 			origin: args.origin,
+			initiatorOrigin: args.initiatorOrigin ?? null,
 			infoLookupCount: 0,
 			pollSecretHash: hashPollSecret(pollSecret),
 		};
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ export class DesktopHandoffService {
 		code: string,
 		createTokenData: (origin: SessionOrigin) => Promise<{token: string; userId: string}>,
 		approverIp: string,
-	): Promise<void> {
+	): Promise<{initiatorOrigin: string | null}> {
 		const {cache} = this.apiContext.services;
 		const normalizedCode = requireNormalizedHandoffCode(code);
 		await this.checkAttemptLimit(approverIp);
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@ export class DesktopHandoffService {
 		await cache.set(`${HANDOFF_TOKEN_PREFIX}${normalizedCode}`, tokenData, remainingSeconds);
 		await cache.delete(`${HANDOFF_CODE_PREFIX}${normalizedCode}`);
 		await cache.delete(`${HANDOFF_APPROVER_PREFIX}${normalizedCode}`);
+		return {initiatorOrigin: handoffData.initiatorOrigin ?? null};
 	}

 	async getHandoffInfo(
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createHash, randomBytes, timingSafeEqual} from 'node:crypto';
+import type {UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import {InvalidOriginHandoffNonceError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/InvalidOriginHandoffNonceError';
+import {UnknownOriginHandoffError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/UnknownOriginHandoffError';
+import type {ICacheService} from '@pkgs/cache/src/ICacheService';
+import {seconds} from 'itty-time';
+
+const ORIGIN_HANDOFF_KEY_PREFIX = 'origin_handoff:';
+const ORIGIN_HANDOFF_ID_BYTES = 32;
+
+interface OriginHandoffRecord {
+	nonce_hash: string;
+	payload: string;
+	user_id: string;
+	created_at: number;
+}
+
+function sha256Hex(value: string): string {
+	return createHash('sha256').update(value).digest('hex');
+}
+
+function originHandoffKey(handoffId: string): string {
+	return `${ORIGIN_HANDOFF_KEY_PREFIX}${sha256Hex(handoffId)}`;
+}
+
+export async function createOriginHandoff(
+	cache: ICacheService,
+	args: {userId: UserID; nonceHash: string; payload: string},
+): Promise<string> {
+	const handoffId = randomBytes(ORIGIN_HANDOFF_ID_BYTES).toString('base64url');
+	const record: OriginHandoffRecord = {
+		nonce_hash: args.nonceHash,
+		payload: args.payload,
+		user_id: args.userId.toString(),
+		created_at: Date.now(),
+	};
+	await cache.set(originHandoffKey(handoffId), record, seconds('2 minutes'));
+	return handoffId;
+}
+
+export async function redeemOriginHandoff(
+	cache: ICacheService,
+	args: {handoffId: string; nonce: string},
+): Promise<string> {
+	const record = await cache.getAndDelete<OriginHandoffRecord>(originHandoffKey(args.handoffId));
+	if (!record) {
+		throw new UnknownOriginHandoffError();
+	}
+	const presented = Buffer.from(sha256Hex(args.nonce), 'hex');
+	const stored = Buffer.from(record.nonce_hash, 'hex');
+	if (presented.length !== stored.length || !timingSafeEqual(presented, stored)) {
+		throw new InvalidOriginHandoffNonceError();
+	}
+	return record.payload;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createHash, randomBytes, timingSafeEqual} from 'node:crypto';
+import type {ApiContext} from '@app/api/ApiContext';
+import * as AuthLogin from '@app/api/auth/AuthLogin';
+import * as AuthMfa from '@app/api/auth/AuthMfa';
+import * as AuthUtility from '@app/api/auth/AuthUtility';
+import {recordPendingPasskeyMigration} from '@app/api/auth/services/PasskeyMigrationService';
+import {
+	effectiveRpId,
+	isPasskeyMigrationActive,
+	isPasskeyTargetOrigin,
+	passkeyLegacyOriginFor,
+	visibleWebAuthnCredentials,
+} from '@app/api/auth/services/PasskeyRelyingParty';
+import {getSudoModeService} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoModeService';
+import {resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor} from '@app/api/auth/services/WebAuthnSecondFactor';
+import {createUserID, type UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import type {AuthSession} from '@app/api/models/AuthSession';
+import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
+import type {WebAuthnCredential} from '@app/api/models/WebAuthnCredential';
+import {mapUserToPartialResponse} from '@app/api/user/UserMappers';
+import {PASSKEY_BRIDGE_PATH, PASSKEY_BRIDGE_RETURN_FRAGMENT_KEY} from '@fluxer/constants/src/PasskeyConstants';
+import {ValidationErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ValidationErrorCodes';
+import {InvalidPasskeyBridgeNonceError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/InvalidPasskeyBridgeNonceError';
+import {MfaNotEnabledError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/MfaNotEnabledError';
+import {NoPasskeysRegisteredError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/NoPasskeysRegisteredError';
+import {PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError';
+import {UnknownPasskeyBridgeError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/UnknownPasskeyBridgeError';
+import {InputValidationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InputValidationError';
+import {InvalidApiOriginError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InvalidApiOriginError';
+import type {
+	PasskeyBridgeCompleteRequest,
+	PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeLoginRedeemResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeLoginStartRequest,
+	PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest,
+	PasskeyBridgeRunner,
+	PasskeyBridgeStartResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeSudoStartRequest,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/PasskeyBridgeSchemas';
+import type {PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON} from '@simplewebauthn/server';
+import {ms, seconds} from 'itty-time';
+
+type PasskeyBridgePurpose = 'login' | 'login_mfa' | 'sudo';
+
+interface PasskeyBridgeRecord {
+	purpose: PasskeyBridgePurpose;
+	runner: PasskeyBridgeRunner;
+	target_origin: string;
+	ceremony_origin: string;
+	nonce_hash: string;
+	user_id: string | null;
+	ticket: string | null;
+	challenge: string | null;
+	credential_id: string | null;
+	cross_device: boolean;
+	completion_code_hash: string | null;
+	status: 'pending' | 'completed' | 'cancelled';
+	created_at: number;
+	expires_at: number;
+}
+
+interface CompletedPasskeyBridge {
+	record: PasskeyBridgeRecord;
+	userId: UserID;
+}
+
+const PASSKEY_BRIDGE_KEY_PREFIX = 'passkey_bridge:';
+const PASSKEY_BRIDGE_LOCK_PREFIX = 'passkey_bridge_lock:';
+const PASSKEY_BRIDGE_SECRET_BYTES = 32;
+
+function sha256Hex(value: string): string {
+	return createHash('sha256').update(value).digest('hex');
+}
+
+function hashMatches(value: string, storedHash: string | null): boolean {
+	if (storedHash === null) return false;
+	const presented = Buffer.from(sha256Hex(value), 'hex');
+	const stored = Buffer.from(storedHash, 'hex');
+	return presented.length === stored.length && timingSafeEqual(presented, stored);
+}
+
+function createSecret(): string {
+	return randomBytes(PASSKEY_BRIDGE_SECRET_BYTES).toString('base64url');
+}
+
+function passkeyBridgeKey(ceremonyId: string): string {
+	return `${PASSKEY_BRIDGE_KEY_PREFIX}${sha256Hex(ceremonyId)}`;
+}
+
+async function writeRecord(ctx: ApiContext, ceremonyId: string, record: PasskeyBridgeRecord): Promise<void> {
+	const ttlSeconds = Math.floor((record.expires_at - Date.now()) / 1000);
+	if (ttlSeconds <= 0) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+	}
+	await ctx.services.cache.set(passkeyBridgeKey(ceremonyId), record, ttlSeconds);
+}
+
+function assertCeremonyOrigin(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	record: PasskeyBridgeRecord,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	expectedOrigin: string,
+): void {
+	if (origin !== expectedOrigin || !isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx, record.target_origin)) {
+		throw new InvalidApiOriginError();
+	}
+}
+
+async function mutateRecord<T>(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	mutate: (record: PasskeyBridgeRecord) => Promise<T>,
+): Promise<T> {
+	const {cache} = ctx.services;
+	const lockKey = `${PASSKEY_BRIDGE_LOCK_PREFIX}${sha256Hex(ceremonyId)}`;
+	const lockToken = await cache.acquireLock(lockKey, seconds('10 seconds'));
+	if (!lockToken) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+	}
+	try {
+		const record = await cache.get<PasskeyBridgeRecord>(passkeyBridgeKey(ceremonyId));
+		if (!record) {
+			throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+		}
+		assertCeremonyOrigin(ctx, record, origin, record.ceremony_origin);
+		return await mutate(record);
+	} finally {
+		await cache.releaseLock(lockKey, lockToken);
+	}
+}
+
+async function requireMfaTicketUser(ctx: ApiContext, ticket: string, expectedUserId?: string): Promise<User> {
+	const userId = await ctx.services.cache.get<string>(`mfa-ticket:${ticket}`);
+	if (!userId || (expectedUserId !== undefined && userId !== expectedUserId)) {
+		throw InputValidationError.fromCode('ticket', ValidationErrorCodes.SESSION_TIMEOUT);
+	}
+	const user = await ctx.services.users.findUniqueAssert(createUserID(BigInt(userId)));
+	AuthUtility.assertNonBotUser(ctx, user);
+	return user;
+}
+
+async function requireLegacyCredentials(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID): Promise<Array<WebAuthnCredential>> {
+	const legacyRpId = ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
+	const credentials = visibleWebAuthnCredentials(await ctx.services.users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId)).filter(
+		(credential) => effectiveRpId(ctx, credential) === legacyRpId,
+	);
+	if (credentials.length === 0) {
+		throw new NoPasskeysRegisteredError();
+	}
+	return credentials;
+}
+
+function assertBridgeStartOrigin(ctx: ApiContext, origin: string | undefined): string {
+	if (!origin || !isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx, origin)) {
+		throw new InvalidApiOriginError();
+	}
+	return origin;
+}
+
+async function startPasskeyBridge(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string,
+	fields: Pick<PasskeyBridgeRecord, 'purpose' | 'runner' | 'nonce_hash' | 'user_id' | 'ticket'>,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeStartResponse> {
+	const ceremonyId = createSecret();
+	const createdAt = Date.now();
+	const ceremonyOrigin = fields.runner === 'page' ? passkeyLegacyOriginFor(origin) : origin;
+	await writeRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, {
+		...fields,
+		target_origin: origin,
+		ceremony_origin: ceremonyOrigin,
+		challenge: null,
+		credential_id: null,
+		cross_device: false,
+		completion_code_hash: null,
+		status: 'pending',
+		created_at: createdAt,
+		expires_at: createdAt + (fields.purpose === 'login_mfa' ? ms('5 minutes') : ms('10 minutes')),
+	});
+	return {
+		ceremony_id: ceremonyId,
+		bridge_url: fields.runner === 'page' ? `${ceremonyOrigin}${PASSKEY_BRIDGE_PATH}#${ceremonyId}` : null,
+	};
+}
+
+export async function startPasskeyBridgeLogin(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	data: PasskeyBridgeLoginStartRequest,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeStartResponse> {
+	const targetOrigin = assertBridgeStartOrigin(ctx, origin);
+	let userId: string | null = null;
+	if (data.purpose === 'login_mfa') {
+		const user = await requireMfaTicketUser(ctx, data.ticket!);
+		if (!(await resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor(ctx, user))) {
+			throw new MfaNotEnabledError();
+		}
+		await requireLegacyCredentials(ctx, user.id);
+		userId = user.id.toString();
+	}
+	return startPasskeyBridge(ctx, targetOrigin, {
+		purpose: data.purpose,
+		runner: data.runner,
+		nonce_hash: data.nonce_hash,
+		user_id: userId,
+		ticket: data.ticket ?? null,
+	});
+}
+
+export async function startPasskeyBridgeSudo(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	userId: UserID,
+	data: PasskeyBridgeSudoStartRequest,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeStartResponse> {
+	const targetOrigin = assertBridgeStartOrigin(ctx, origin);
+	await requireLegacyCredentials(ctx, userId);
+	return startPasskeyBridge(ctx, targetOrigin, {
+		purpose: 'sudo',
+		runner: data.runner,
+		nonce_hash: data.nonce_hash,
+		user_id: userId.toString(),
+		ticket: null,
+	});
+}
+
+export async function getPasskeyBridgeOptions(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+): Promise<{options: PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptionsJSON}> {
+	return mutateRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, origin, async (record) => {
+		if (record.status !== 'pending') {
+			throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+		}
+		const legacyRpId = ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
+		const userId = record.user_id === null ? undefined : createUserID(BigInt(record.user_id));
+		const options = await AuthMfa.generateWebAuthnAuthenticationOptions(ctx, {
+			selection: {
+				rpId: legacyRpId,
+				credentials: userId === undefined ? null : await requireLegacyCredentials(ctx, userId),
+			},
+			context: 'bridge',
+			userId,
+		});
+		if (record.challenge !== null) {
+			await AuthMfa.deleteWebAuthnChallenge(ctx, record.challenge);
+		}
+		await writeRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, {...record, challenge: options.challenge});
+		return {options};
+	});
+}
+
+function buildReturnUrl(record: PasskeyBridgeRecord, ceremonyId: string, completionCode: string): string {
+	return `${record.target_origin}${PASSKEY_BRIDGE_PATH}#${PASSKEY_BRIDGE_RETURN_FRAGMENT_KEY}=${ceremonyId}.${completionCode}`;
+}
+
+async function finishRecord(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	record: PasskeyBridgeRecord,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse> {
+	const completionCode = createSecret();
+	await writeRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, {...record, completion_code_hash: sha256Hex(completionCode)});
+	if (record.runner === 'native') {
+		return {return_url: null, completion_code: completionCode};
+	}
+	return {return_url: buildReturnUrl(record, ceremonyId, completionCode), completion_code: null};
+}
+
+export async function completePasskeyBridge(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	data: PasskeyBridgeCompleteRequest,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse> {
+	return mutateRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, origin, async (record) => {
+		if (record.status !== 'pending') {
+			throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+		}
+		const {users} = ctx.services;
+		const credentialId = data.response.id;
+		const userId =
+			record.user_id === null
+				? await users.getUserIdByCredentialId(credentialId)
+				: createUserID(BigInt(record.user_id));
+		const credential = userId === null ? null : await users.getWebAuthnCredential(userId, credentialId);
+		if (
+			userId === null ||
+			record.challenge === null ||
+			credential === null ||
+			credential.supersededBy !== null ||
+			effectiveRpId(ctx, credential) !== ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId
+		) {
+			throw new PasskeyAuthenticationFailedError();
+		}
+		if (record.purpose === 'login_mfa') {
+			await requireMfaTicketUser(ctx, record.ticket!, record.user_id!);
+			await AuthLogin.consumeMfaAttempt(ctx, {userId: record.user_id!, ticket: record.ticket!, field: 'ticket'});
+		} else if (record.purpose === 'sudo') {
+			await AuthMfa.consumeSudoMfaAttempt(ctx, userId);
+		}
+		await AuthMfa.verifyWebAuthnAuthentication(ctx, userId, data.response, record.challenge, 'bridge', undefined, [
+			record.ceremony_origin,
+		]);
+		return finishRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, {
+			...record,
+			status: 'completed',
+			user_id: userId.toString(),
+			credential_id: credentialId,
+			cross_device: data.response.authenticatorAttachment === 'cross-platform',
+		});
+	});
+}
+
+export async function cancelPasskeyBridge(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse> {
+	return mutateRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, origin, async (record) => {
+		if (record.status === 'completed') {
+			throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+		}
+		return finishRecord(ctx, ceremonyId, {...record, status: 'cancelled'});
+	});
+}
+
+function assertRedeemable(
+	record: PasskeyBridgeRecord | null,
+	purposes: ReadonlyArray<PasskeyBridgePurpose>,
+	expectedUserId: UserID | null,
+): asserts record is PasskeyBridgeRecord {
+	if (
+		!record ||
+		!purposes.includes(record.purpose) ||
+		(expectedUserId !== null && record.user_id !== expectedUserId.toString()) ||
+		record.status === 'pending'
+	) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+	}
+}
+
+async function redeemPasskeyBridge(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	data: PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest,
+	purposes: ReadonlyArray<PasskeyBridgePurpose>,
+	expectedUserId: UserID | null,
+): Promise<CompletedPasskeyBridge | null> {
+	const {cache} = ctx.services;
+	const key = passkeyBridgeKey(ceremonyId);
+	const record = await cache.get<PasskeyBridgeRecord>(key);
+	if (!record) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyBridgeError();
+	}
+	assertCeremonyOrigin(ctx, record, origin, record.target_origin);
+	assertRedeemable(record, purposes, expectedUserId);
+	if (!hashMatches(data.nonce, record.nonce_hash) || !hashMatches(data.completion_code, record.completion_code_hash)) {
+		await cache.delete(key);
+		throw new InvalidPasskeyBridgeNonceError();
+	}
+	const taken = await cache.getAndDelete<PasskeyBridgeRecord>(key);
+	assertRedeemable(taken, purposes, expectedUserId);
+	if (!hashMatches(data.nonce, taken.nonce_hash) || !hashMatches(data.completion_code, taken.completion_code_hash)) {
+		throw new InvalidPasskeyBridgeNonceError();
+	}
+	if (taken.status === 'cancelled') {
+		return null;
+	}
+	return {record: taken, userId: createUserID(BigInt(taken.user_id!))};
+}
+
+async function recordMigrationIfActive(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	completed: CompletedPasskeyBridge,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+): Promise<void> {
+	if (!authSession || !(await isPasskeyMigrationActive(ctx, origin))) return;
+	await recordPendingPasskeyMigration(ctx, authSession, {
+		user_id: completed.userId.toString(),
+		credential_id: completed.record.credential_id!,
+		cross_device: completed.record.cross_device,
+	});
+}
+
+export async function redeemPasskeyBridgeLogin(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	data: PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest,
+	request: Request,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeLoginRedeemResponse> {
+	const completed = await redeemPasskeyBridge(ctx, ceremonyId, origin, data, ['login', 'login_mfa'], null);
+	if (!completed) {
+		return {status: 'cancelled'};
+	}
+	let token: string;
+	let authSession: AuthSession;
+	let user: User;
+	if (completed.record.purpose === 'login_mfa') {
+		user = await requireMfaTicketUser(ctx, completed.record.ticket!, completed.record.user_id!);
+		if (!(await resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor(ctx, user))) {
+			throw new MfaNotEnabledError();
+		}
+		[token, authSession] = await AuthLogin.completeMfaLogin(ctx, user, completed.record.ticket!, request);
+	} else {
+		user = await ctx.services.users.findUniqueAssert(completed.userId);
+		[token, authSession] = await AuthLogin.createLoginSession(ctx, user, request);
+	}
+	await recordMigrationIfActive(ctx, origin, completed, authSession);
+	return {status: 'completed', token, user_id: user.id.toString(), user: mapUserToPartialResponse(user)};
+}
+
+export async function redeemPasskeyBridgeSudo(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	ceremonyId: string,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	data: PasskeyBridgeRedeemRequest,
+	userId: UserID,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse> {
+	const completed = await redeemPasskeyBridge(ctx, ceremonyId, origin, data, ['sudo'], userId);
+	if (!completed) {
+		return {status: 'cancelled'};
+	}
+	const sudoToken = await getSudoModeService().generateSudoToken(userId);
+	await recordMigrationIfActive(ctx, origin, completed, authSession);
+	return {status: 'completed', sudo_token: sudoToken};
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import type {ApiContext} from '@app/api/ApiContext';
+import * as AuthMfa from '@app/api/auth/AuthMfa';
+import {
+	effectiveRpId,
+	isPasskeyTargetOrigin,
+	visibleWebAuthnCredentials,
+} from '@app/api/auth/services/PasskeyRelyingParty';
+import type {UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import type {AuthSession} from '@app/api/models/AuthSession';
+import type {WebAuthnCredential} from '@app/api/models/WebAuthnCredential';
+import {PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID} from '@fluxer/constants/src/PasskeyConstants';
+import {UnknownPasskeyMigrationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/UnknownPasskeyMigrationError';
+import type {
+	PasskeyMigrationCompleteRequest,
+	PasskeyMigrationResponse,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/PasskeyMigrationSchemas';
+import type {PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptionsJSON} from '@simplewebauthn/server';
+import {seconds} from 'itty-time';
+
+const PASSKEY_MIGRATION_KEY_PREFIX = 'passkey_migration:';
+
+interface PendingPasskeyMigration {
+	user_id: string;
+	credential_id: string;
+	cross_device: boolean;
+}
+
+interface LivePasskeyMigration {
+	key: string;
+	pending: PendingPasskeyMigration;
+	credential: WebAuthnCredential;
+}
+
+function passkeyMigrationKey(authSession: AuthSession): string {
+	return `${PASSKEY_MIGRATION_KEY_PREFIX}${authSession.sessionIdHash.toString('base64url')}`;
+}
+
+function isLegacyVisibleCredential(ctx: ApiContext, credential: WebAuthnCredential): boolean {
+	return credential.supersededBy === null && effectiveRpId(ctx, credential) === ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
+}
+
+export async function recordPendingPasskeyMigration(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	authSession: AuthSession,
+	pending: PendingPasskeyMigration,
+): Promise<void> {
+	await ctx.services.cache.set(passkeyMigrationKey(authSession), pending, seconds('5 minutes'));
+}
+
+async function loadLivePasskeyMigration(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+): Promise<LivePasskeyMigration | null> {
+	if (!authSession) return null;
+	const {cache, users} = ctx.services;
+	const key = passkeyMigrationKey(authSession);
+	const pending = await cache.get<PendingPasskeyMigration>(key);
+	if (!pending) return null;
+	const credential =
+		pending.user_id === userId.toString() ? await users.getWebAuthnCredential(userId, pending.credential_id) : null;
+	if (credential === null || !isLegacyVisibleCredential(ctx, credential)) {
+		await cache.delete(key);
+		return null;
+	}
+	return {key, pending, credential};
+}
+
+async function requireLivePasskeyMigration(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+): Promise<LivePasskeyMigration> {
+	const live = isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx, origin) ? await loadLivePasskeyMigration(ctx, userId, authSession) : null;
+	if (!live) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyMigrationError();
+	}
+	return live;
+}
+
+async function takeLivePasskeyMigration(ctx: ApiContext, userId: UserID, key: string): Promise<WebAuthnCredential> {
+	const pending = await ctx.services.cache.getAndDelete<PendingPasskeyMigration>(key);
+	if (!pending || pending.user_id !== userId.toString()) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyMigrationError();
+	}
+	const credential = await ctx.services.users.getWebAuthnCredential(userId, pending.credential_id);
+	if (credential === null || !isLegacyVisibleCredential(ctx, credential)) {
+		throw new UnknownPasskeyMigrationError();
+	}
+	return credential;
+}
+
+function visibleTargetCredentials(ctx: ApiContext, credentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>): Array<WebAuthnCredential> {
+	return visibleWebAuthnCredentials(credentials).filter(
+		(credential) => effectiveRpId(ctx, credential) === PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID,
+	);
+}
+
+export async function getPasskeyMigration(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+): Promise<PasskeyMigrationResponse> {
+	const live = await loadLivePasskeyMigration(ctx, userId, authSession);
+	if (!live) return {pending: null};
+	return {
+		pending: {
+			credential_id: live.credential.credentialId,
+			name: live.credential.name,
+			cross_device: live.pending.cross_device,
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+export async function getPasskeyMigrationRegistrationOptions(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+): Promise<PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptionsJSON> {
+	const live = await requireLivePasskeyMigration(ctx, userId, authSession, origin);
+	const credentials = await ctx.services.users.listWebAuthnCredentials(userId);
+	const options = await AuthMfa.createWebAuthnRegistrationOptions(ctx, userId, {
+		rpId: PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID,
+		context: 'migration_registration',
+		excludeCredentials: visibleTargetCredentials(ctx, credentials),
+	});
+	if (live.pending.cross_device) {
+		options.hints = ['hybrid', 'security-key'];
+	}
+	return options;
+}
+
+export async function completePasskeyMigration(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	userId: UserID,
+	authSession: AuthSession | undefined,
+	origin: string | undefined,
+	data: PasskeyMigrationCompleteRequest,
+): Promise<void> {
+	const {users} = ctx.services;
+	const live = await requireLivePasskeyMigration(ctx, userId, authSession, origin);
+	const verified = await AuthMfa.verifyWebAuthnRegistrationResponse(
+		ctx,
+		userId,
+		data.response,
+		data.challenge,
+		'migration_registration',
+		[origin!],
+	);
+	const legacy = await takeLivePasskeyMigration(ctx, userId, live.key);
+	await users.createWebAuthnCredential(
+		userId,
+		verified.credentialId,
+		verified.publicKey,
+		verified.counter,
+		verified.transports,
+		legacy.name,
+		AuthMfa.storedRpId(ctx, verified.rpId),
+	);
+	await users.setWebAuthnCredentialSupersededBy(userId, legacy.credentialId, verified.credentialId);
+	await AuthMfa.dispatchWebAuthnCredentialsUpdate(ctx, userId);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import type {ApiContext} from '@app/api/ApiContext';
+import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {WebAuthnCredential} from '@app/api/models/WebAuthnCredential';
+import {PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID} from '@fluxer/constants/src/PasskeyConstants';
+
+const PASSKEY_TARGET_TO_LEGACY_ORIGIN: ReadonlyMap<string, string> = new Map([
+	['https://fluxer.com', 'https://web.fluxer.app'],
+	['https://canary.fluxer.com', 'https://web.canary.fluxer.app'],
+]);
+
+export interface CredentialRpSelection {
+	rpId: string;
+	credentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>;
+}
+
+export function isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx: ApiContext, origin: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+	if (ctx.services.config.instance.selfHosted || !origin) return false;
+	return PASSKEY_TARGET_TO_LEGACY_ORIGIN.has(origin);
+}
+
+export function passkeyLegacyOriginFor(targetOrigin: string): string {
+	return PASSKEY_TARGET_TO_LEGACY_ORIGIN.get(targetOrigin)!;
+}
+
+export function effectiveRpId(ctx: ApiContext, credential: WebAuthnCredential): string {
+	return credential.rpId ?? ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
+}
+
+export function visibleWebAuthnCredentials(credentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>): Array<WebAuthnCredential> {
+	return credentials.filter((credential) => credential.supersededBy === null);
+}
+
+export function originRpId(ctx: ApiContext, origin: string | null | undefined): string {
+	return isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx, origin) ? PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID : ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
+}
+
+export async function isPasskeyMigrationActive(ctx: ApiContext, origin: string | null | undefined): Promise<boolean> {
+	if (!isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx, origin)) return false;
+	const config = await getInstanceConfigRepository().getDomainMigrationConfig();
+	return config.enabled;
+}
+
+function credentialGroup(ctx: ApiContext, credentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>, rpId: string): CredentialRpSelection {
+	return {rpId, credentials: credentials.filter((credential) => effectiveRpId(ctx, credential) === rpId)};
+}
+
+export function selectCredentialRp(
+	ctx: ApiContext,
+	origin: string | null | undefined,
+	credentials: Array<WebAuthnCredential>,
+): CredentialRpSelection {
+	const legacyRpId = ctx.services.config.auth.passkeys.rpId;
+	const visible = visibleWebAuthnCredentials(credentials);
+	if (isPasskeyTargetOrigin(ctx, origin)) {
+		const target = credentialGroup(ctx, visible, PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID);
+		return target.credentials.length > 0 ? target : credentialGroup(ctx, visible, legacyRpId);
+	}
+	const legacy = credentialGroup(ctx, credentials, legacyRpId);
+	return legacy.credentials.length > 0 ? legacy : credentialGroup(ctx, visible, PASSKEY_MIGRATION_RP_ID);
+}
@@ -382,21 +382,8 @@ export class SsoService {
 			throw new RegistrationClosedError();
 		}
 		const pendingApproval = registrationConfig.mode === 'approval';
-		if (pendingApproval) {
-			await this.instanceConfigRepository.getPendingRegistrations();
-		}
 		const user = await this.provisionUserFromClaims(claims, config, {pendingApproval});
 		if (pendingApproval) {
-			await this.instanceConfigRepository.addPendingRegistration({
-				user_id: user.id.toString(),
-				username: user.username,
-				discriminator: user.discriminator,
-				global_name: user.globalName,
-				email: user.email,
-				requested_at: new Date().toISOString(),
-				registration_url_id: null,
-				client_ip: null,
-			});
 			throw new RegistrationPendingApprovalError();
 		}
 		return user;
@@ -537,8 +524,22 @@ export class SsoService {
 			version: 1,
 		} as const;
 		await this.claimSsoIdentity(userId, claims.sub, config);
+		let createAttempted = false;
 		let userCreated = false;
 		try {
+			if (options?.pendingApproval) {
+				await this.instanceConfigRepository.addPendingRegistration({
+					user_id: userId.toString(),
+					username,
+					discriminator: discriminatorResult.discriminator,
+					global_name: globalName,
+					email: userRow.email,
+					requested_at: now.toISOString(),
+					registration_url_id: null,
+					client_ip: null,
+				});
+			}
+			createAttempted = true;
 			const user = await users.create(userRow);
 			userCreated = true;
 			await users.upsertSettings(
@@ -557,6 +558,16 @@ export class SsoService {
 				await this.ssoIdentityRepository.releaseIdentity(config.providerId, claims.sub).catch((releaseError) => {
 					getLogger().error({releaseError}, 'Failed to release SSO identity after user provisioning failed');
 				});
+				if (options?.pendingApproval && !createAttempted) {
+					await this.instanceConfigRepository
+						.removePendingRegistration(userId.toString())
+						.catch((removeError: unknown) => {
+							getLogger().error(
+								{userId: userId.toString(), removeError},
+								'Failed to withdraw the pending approval of an SSO user that was never created',
+							);
+						});
+				}
 			}
 			throw error;
 		}
@@ -3,6 +3,15 @@
 import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
 import type {SudoModeMethods} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/auth/SudoModeRequiredError';

+interface SudoMethodsUser {
+	totpSecret?: string | null;
+	authenticatorTypes?: Set<number> | null;
+}
+
+function hasTotpEnrolled(user: SudoMethodsUser): boolean {
+	return (user.totpSecret ?? null) !== null && (user.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP) ?? false);
+}
+
 export function userHasMfa(user: {authenticatorTypes?: Set<number> | null}): boolean {
 	return (
 		(user.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP) ?? false) ||
@@ -10,13 +19,18 @@ export function userHasMfa(user: {authenticatorTypes?: Set<number> | null}): boo
 	);
 }

-export function deriveSudoMethods(user: {
-	totpSecret?: string | null;
-	authenticatorTypes?: Set<number> | null;
-}): SudoModeMethods {
-	const authenticatorTypes = user.authenticatorTypes ?? null;
+export function userHasSudoCapability(user: SudoMethodsUser, hasPasskeyCredentials: boolean): boolean {
+	return hasTotpEnrolled(user) || hasPasskeyCredentials;
+}
+
+export function deriveSudoMethods(
+	user: SudoMethodsUser,
+	hasPasskeyCredentials: boolean,
+	hasBackupCodes: boolean,
+): SudoModeMethods {
 	return {
-		totp: (user.totpSecret ?? null) !== null && (authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP) ?? false),
-		webauthn: authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN) ?? false,
+		totp: hasTotpEnrolled(user),
+		webauthn: hasPasskeyCredentials,
+		backup_codes: hasBackupCodes,
 	};
 }
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 import * as AuthMfa from '@app/api/auth/AuthMfa';
 import * as AuthPassword from '@app/api/auth/AuthPassword';
-import {deriveSudoMethods, userHasMfa} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoMethods';
+import {deriveSudoMethods, userHasMfa, userHasSudoCapability} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoMethods';
 import {getSudoModeService} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoModeService';
 import {SUDO_MODE_HEADER} from '@app/api/middleware/SudoModeMiddleware';
 import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ type SudoVerificationMethod = 'password' | 'mfa' | 'sudo_token';
 export function hasNoVerifiableCredential(
 	user: {passwordHash: string | null; isBot: boolean},
 	hasMfa: boolean,
+	hasPasskeyCredentials: boolean,
 ): boolean {
-	if (user.isBot || hasMfa) {
+	if (user.isBot || hasMfa || hasPasskeyCredentials) {
 		return false;
 	}
 	return user.passwordHash === null;
@@ -52,18 +53,22 @@ async function verifySudoMode(
 	if (user.isBot) {
 		return {verified: true, method: 'sudo_token'};
 	}
+	const apiContext = ctx.get('apiContext');
+	const credentials = await apiContext.services.users.listWebAuthnCredentials(user.id);
+	const hasPasskeyCredentials = credentials.length > 0;
 	const hasMfa = userHasMfa(user);
-	const issueSudoToken = options.issueSudoToken ?? hasMfa;
-	if (hasMfa && ctx.get('sudoModeValid')) {
+	const hasSudoCapability = userHasSudoCapability(user, hasPasskeyCredentials);
+	const issueSudoToken = options.issueSudoToken ?? hasSudoCapability;
+	if (hasSudoCapability && ctx.get('sudoModeValid')) {
 		const sudoToken = ctx.get('sudoModeToken') ?? ctx.req.header(SUDO_MODE_HEADER) ?? undefined;
 		return {verified: true, method: 'sudo_token', sudoToken: issueSudoToken ? sudoToken : undefined};
 	}
 	const incomingToken = ctx.req.header(SUDO_MODE_HEADER);
-	if (!hasMfa && incomingToken && ctx.get('sudoModeValid')) {
+	if (!hasSudoCapability && incomingToken && ctx.get('sudoModeValid')) {
 		return {verified: true, method: 'sudo_token', sudoToken: issueSudoToken ? incomingToken : undefined};
 	}
-	if (hasMfa && body.mfa_method) {
-		const result = await AuthMfa.verifySudoMfa(ctx.get('apiContext'), {
+	if (hasSudoCapability && body.mfa_method) {
+		const result = await AuthMfa.verifySudoMfa(apiContext, {
 			userId: user.id,
 			method: body.mfa_method,
 			code: body.mfa_code,
@@ -77,14 +82,14 @@ async function verifySudoMode(
 		const sudoToken = issueSudoToken ? await sudoModeService.generateSudoToken(user.id) : undefined;
 		return {verified: true, sudoToken, method: 'mfa'};
 	}
-	if (hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, hasMfa)) {
+	if (hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, hasMfa, hasPasskeyCredentials)) {
 		return {verified: true, method: 'password'};
 	}
 	if (body.password && !hasMfa) {
 		if (!user.passwordHash) {
 			throw InputValidationError.fromCode('password', ValidationErrorCodes.PASSWORD_NOT_SET);
 		}
-		const passwordValid = await AuthPassword.verifyPassword(ctx.get('apiContext'), {
+		const passwordValid = await AuthPassword.verifyPassword(apiContext, {
 			password: body.password,
 			passwordHash: user.passwordHash,
 		});
@@ -93,7 +98,8 @@ async function verifySudoMode(
 		}
 		return {verified: true, method: 'password'};
 	}
-	throw new SudoModeRequiredError(hasMfa, deriveSudoMethods(user));
+	const hasBackupCodes = await AuthMfa.hasUnconsumedBackupCodes(apiContext, user.id);
+	throw new SudoModeRequiredError(hasSudoCapability, deriveSudoMethods(user, hasPasskeyCredentials, hasBackupCodes));
 }

 function setSudoTokenHeader(
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import type {ApiContext} from '@app/api/ApiContext';
+import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
+import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
+
+interface WebAuthnSecondFactorUser {
+	passwordHash: string | null;
+	authenticatorTypes?: Set<number> | null;
+}
+
+export function webAuthnIsSecondFactor(user: WebAuthnSecondFactorUser, hasPasskeyCredentials: boolean): boolean {
+	return (
+		(user.authenticatorTypes?.has(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN) ?? false) ||
+		(user.passwordHash === null && hasPasskeyCredentials)
+	);
+}
+
+export async function resolveWebAuthnSecondFactor(ctx: ApiContext, user: User): Promise<boolean> {
+	const credentials = await ctx.services.users.listWebAuthnCredentials(user.id);
+	return webAuthnIsSecondFactor(user, credentials.length > 0);
+}
@@ -22,20 +22,10 @@ export interface LoginMfaResponse {
 	allowed_methods: Array<string>;
 	totp: boolean;
 	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
 }

-type LoginResponse =
-	| {
-			user_id: string;
-			token: string;
-	  }
-	| {
-			mfa: true;
-			ticket: string;
-			allowed_methods: Array<string>;
-			totp: boolean;
-			webauthn: boolean;
-	  };
+type LoginResponse = LoginSuccessResponse | LoginMfaResponse;

 export interface UserMeResponse {
 	id: string;
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
 	loginAccount,
 	registerUser,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
 import {setInjectedRegistrationRiskEvaluator} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceMiddleware';
 import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
 import {
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ import {
 	SuspiciousActivityFlags,
 } from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
 import type {GuildResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/guild/GuildResponseSchemas';
-import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi} from 'vitest';
+import {afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi} from 'vitest';

 function phoneRiskEvaluator(level: RiskLevelType, riskScore: number): IRegistrationRiskEvaluator {
 	return {
@@ -241,6 +242,59 @@ describe('Deferred phone verification gate', () => {
 		expect(flags & SuspiciousActivityFlags.REQUIRE_VERIFIED_PHONE).not.toBe(0);
 	});

+	describe('with phone flagging disabled', () => {
+		const originalPhoneFlagging = {...Config.abusePolicy.phoneFlagging};
+		afterEach(() => {
+			Config.abusePolicy.phoneFlagging = originalPhoneFlagging;
+		});
+
+		it('sets no phone requirement and no deferral at registration', async () => {
+			await getInstanceConfigRepository().setInstancePolicyConfig({deferred_phone_gate_enabled: true});
+			Config.abusePolicy.phoneFlagging = {enabled: false, exemptCountryCodes: []};
+			setInjectedRegistrationRiskEvaluator(phoneRiskEvaluator(RiskLevel.High, 70));
+			const registration = await registerUser(harness, {
+				email: createUniqueEmail('flagging-off'),
+				username: createUniqueUsername('flagging_off'),
+				global_name: 'Flagging Off',
+				password: 'StrongPassword!123',
+				date_of_birth: '2000-01-01',
+				consent: true,
+			});
+			const flags = await readFlags(registration.user_id);
+			expect(flags & SuspiciousActivityFlags.REQUIRE_VERIFIED_PHONE).toBe(0);
+			expect(flags & DEFERRED_PHONE_ON_COMMUNITY_JOIN).toBe(0);
+		});
+
+		it('keeps an existing deferral dormant on a qualifying join', async () => {
+			await getInstanceConfigRepository().setInstancePolicyConfig({
+				deferred_phone_gate_enabled: true,
+				deferred_phone_gate_member_threshold: 1,
+				deferred_phone_gate_window_hours: 24,
+			});
+			const {inviteCode} = await createGuildWithInvite(harness);
+			const filler = await createTestAccount(harness);
+			await createBuilder(harness, filler.token).post(`/invites/${inviteCode}`).expect(200).execute();
+			setInjectedRegistrationRiskEvaluator(phoneRiskEvaluator(RiskLevel.High, 70));
+			const registration = await registerUser(harness, {
+				email: createUniqueEmail('flagging-off-join'),
+				username: createUniqueUsername('flagging_off_join'),
+				global_name: 'Flagging Off Join',
+				password: 'StrongPassword!123',
+				date_of_birth: '2000-01-01',
+				consent: true,
+			});
+			setInjectedRegistrationRiskEvaluator(undefined);
+			expect((await readFlags(registration.user_id)) & DEFERRED_PHONE_ON_COMMUNITY_JOIN).not.toBe(0);
+
+			Config.abusePolicy.phoneFlagging = {enabled: false, exemptCountryCodes: []};
+			await createBuilder(harness, registration.token).post(`/invites/${inviteCode}`).expect(200).execute();
+
+			const flags = await readFlags(registration.user_id);
+			expect(flags & DEFERRED_PHONE_ON_COMMUNITY_JOIN).not.toBe(0);
+			expect(flags & PHONE_GATE_PROMOTED_FROM_DEFERRAL).toBe(0);
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('phone gate escape', () => {
 		async function configurePhoneGate(
 			overrides: {
@@ -627,6 +627,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			methods?: {
 				totp?: boolean;
 				webauthn?: boolean;
+				backup_codes?: boolean;
 			};
 		}>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.patch('/users/@me')
@@ -634,13 +635,14 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 			.execute();
 		expect(noSudoResp.has_mfa).toBe(true);
-		expect(noSudoResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false});
+		expect(noSudoResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, backup_codes: true});
 		const passwordOnlyResp = await createBuilder<{
 			code: string;
 			has_mfa?: boolean;
 			methods?: {
 				totp?: boolean;
 				webauthn?: boolean;
+				backup_codes?: boolean;
 			};
 		}>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.patch('/users/@me')
@@ -648,7 +650,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 			.execute();
 		expect(passwordOnlyResp.has_mfa).toBe(true);
-		expect(passwordOnlyResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false});
+		expect(passwordOnlyResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, backup_codes: true});
 		const updated = await createBuilder<UserPrivateResponse>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.patch('/users/@me')
 			.body({
@@ -712,6 +714,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			methods?: {
 				totp?: boolean;
 				webauthn?: boolean;
+				backup_codes?: boolean;
 			};
 		}>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
@@ -719,13 +722,14 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 			.execute();
 		expect(noSudoResp.has_mfa).toBe(true);
-		expect(noSudoResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false});
+		expect(noSudoResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, backup_codes: true});
 		const passwordOnlyResp = await createBuilder<{
 			code: string;
 			has_mfa?: boolean;
 			methods?: {
 				totp?: boolean;
 				webauthn?: boolean;
+				backup_codes?: boolean;
 			};
 		}>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
@@ -733,7 +737,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 			.execute();
 		expect(passwordOnlyResp.has_mfa).toBe(true);
-		expect(passwordOnlyResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false});
+		expect(passwordOnlyResp.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, backup_codes: true});
 		const updated = await createBuilder<UserPrivateResponse>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
 			.body({
@@ -776,6 +780,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			methods?: {
 				totp?: boolean;
 				webauthn?: boolean;
+				backup_codes?: boolean;
 			};
 		}>(harness, account.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
@@ -783,7 +788,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 			.execute();
 		expect(noSudoResp.has_mfa).toBe(false);
-		expect(noSudoResp.methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: false});
+		expect(noSudoResp.methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: false, backup_codes: false});
 		const updated = await createBuilder<UserPrivateResponse>(harness, account.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
 			.body({email_token: emailToken, password: account.password})
@@ -887,6 +892,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			methods?: {
 				totp?: boolean;
 				webauthn?: boolean;
+				backup_codes?: boolean;
 			};
 		}>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
@@ -894,7 +900,7 @@ describe('Email change flow', () => {
 			.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 			.execute();
 		expect(discovery.has_mfa).toBe(true);
-		expect(discovery.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false});
+		expect(discovery.methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, backup_codes: true});
 		const applied = await createBuilder<UserPrivateResponse>(harness, mfaAccount.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/email-change/apply')
 			.body({
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 	createAuthenticationResponse,
 	createRegistrationResponse,
 	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
 	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
 	type WebAuthnDevice,
 	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ interface LoginMfaResponse {
 interface SudoMfaMethodsResponse {
 	totp: boolean;
 	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
 	has_mfa: boolean;
 }

@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ interface SudoModeRequiredResponse {
 	methods?: {
 		totp?: boolean;
 		webauthn?: boolean;
+		backup_codes?: boolean;
 	};
 }

@@ -73,6 +76,7 @@ async function loginWithTotp(harness: ApiTestHarness, account: TestAccount, secr
 async function setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(
 	harness: ApiTestHarness,
 	account: TestAccount,
+	twoFactorEnabled: boolean,
 ): Promise<{
 	account: TestAccount;
 	device: WebAuthnDevice;
@@ -124,6 +128,12 @@ async function setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(
 		})
 		.expect(204)
 		.execute();
+	if (twoFactorEnabled) {
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, updatedAccount.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[5]!.code,
+		});
+	}
 	await createBuilder(harness, updatedAccount.token)
 		.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
 		.body({
@@ -162,9 +172,9 @@ describe('MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 		await harness?.shutdown();
 	});
 	describe('WebAuthn sudo verification flow', () => {
-		test('WebAuthn user can complete sudo verification with passkey', async () => {
+		test('WebAuthn user with two-factor on can complete sudo verification with passkey', async () => {
 			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
-			const {account: webauthnAccount, device} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account);
+			const {account: webauthnAccount, device} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account, true);
 			const sudoOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
 				.post('/users/@me/sudo/webauthn/authentication-options')
 				.body(null)
@@ -180,9 +190,27 @@ describe('MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 				.expect(204)
 				.execute();
 		});
-		test('WebAuthn-only user cannot use password for sudo verification', async () => {
+		test('WebAuthn user with two-factor off can complete sudo verification with passkey', async () => {
 			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
-			const {account: webauthnAccount} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account);
+			const {account: webauthnAccount, device} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account, false);
+			const sudoOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
+				.post('/users/@me/sudo/webauthn/authentication-options')
+				.body(null)
+				.execute();
+			const sudoAssertion = createAuthenticationResponse(device, sudoOptions);
+			await createBuilder(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
+				.post('/users/@me/disable')
+				.body({
+					mfa_method: 'webauthn',
+					webauthn_response: sudoAssertion,
+					webauthn_challenge: sudoOptions.challenge,
+				})
+				.expect(204)
+				.execute();
+		});
+		test('WebAuthn-only user with two-factor on cannot use password for sudo verification', async () => {
+			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+			const {account: webauthnAccount} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account, true);
 			const errorResp = await createBuilder<{
 				code: string;
 			}>(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
@@ -194,6 +222,17 @@ describe('MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 				.execute();
 			expect(errorResp.code).toBe('SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED');
 		});
+		test('WebAuthn-only user with two-factor off can use password for sudo verification', async () => {
+			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+			const {account: webauthnAccount} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account, false);
+			await createBuilder(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
+				.post('/users/@me/disable')
+				.body({
+					password: account.password,
+				})
+				.expect(204)
+				.execute();
+		});
 	});
 	describe('Password-only sudo flow for non-MFA users', () => {
 		test('Non-MFA user can use password for sudo verification', async () => {
@@ -323,14 +362,37 @@ describe('MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 			const methods = await createBuilder<SudoMfaMethodsResponse>(harness, account.token)
 				.get('/users/@me/sudo/mfa-methods')
 				.execute();
-			expect(methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: false, has_mfa: false});
+			expect(methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: false, backup_codes: false, has_mfa: false});
 			const errorResp = await createBuilder<SudoModeRequiredResponse>(harness, account.token)
 				.post('/users/@me/disable')
 				.body({})
 				.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 				.execute();
 			expect(errorResp.has_mfa).toBe(methods.has_mfa);
-			expect(errorResp.methods).toEqual({totp: methods.totp, webauthn: methods.webauthn});
+			expect(errorResp.methods).toEqual({
+				totp: methods.totp,
+				webauthn: methods.webauthn,
+				backup_codes: methods.backup_codes,
+			});
+		});
+		test('mfa-methods reports webauthn for a passkey user with two-factor off', async () => {
+			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+			const {account: webauthnAccount} = await setupWebAuthnOnlyUser(harness, account, false);
+			const methods = await createBuilder<SudoMfaMethodsResponse>(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
+				.get('/users/@me/sudo/mfa-methods')
+				.execute();
+			expect(methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: true, backup_codes: false, has_mfa: true});
+			const errorResp = await createBuilder<SudoModeRequiredResponse>(harness, webauthnAccount.token)
+				.post('/users/@me/disable')
+				.body({})
+				.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
+				.execute();
+			expect(errorResp.has_mfa).toBe(methods.has_mfa);
+			expect(errorResp.methods).toEqual({
+				totp: methods.totp,
+				webauthn: methods.webauthn,
+				backup_codes: methods.backup_codes,
+			});
 		});
 		test('mfa-methods agrees with the SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED body for an enrolled TOTP user', async () => {
 			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
@@ -347,14 +409,18 @@ describe('MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 			const methods = await createBuilder<SudoMfaMethodsResponse>(harness, loggedIn.token)
 				.get('/users/@me/sudo/mfa-methods')
 				.execute();
-			expect(methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, has_mfa: true});
+			expect(methods).toEqual({totp: true, webauthn: false, backup_codes: true, has_mfa: true});
 			const errorResp = await createBuilder<SudoModeRequiredResponse>(harness, loggedIn.token)
 				.post('/users/@me/disable')
 				.body({})
 				.expect(403, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
 				.execute();
 			expect(errorResp.has_mfa).toBe(methods.has_mfa);
-			expect(errorResp.methods).toEqual({totp: methods.totp, webauthn: methods.webauthn});
+			expect(errorResp.methods).toEqual({
+				totp: methods.totp,
+				webauthn: methods.webauthn,
+				backup_codes: methods.backup_codes,
+			});
 		});
 	});
 	describe('MFA requirement propagates to sensitive operations', () => {
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import {
 	seedMfaTicket,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
 import {
-	createRegistrationResponse,
 	createWebAuthnDevice,
-	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
 import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
 import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('Auth MFA TOTP without secret', () => {
 			.execute();
 		expect(login.code).toBe('INVALID_FORM_BODY');
 	});
-	it('rejects TOTP login when only WebAuthn is enabled', async () => {
+	it('rejects TOTP login when passkey two-factor is on and no TOTP secret remains', async () => {
 		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
 		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
 		const secret = createTotpSecret();
@@ -53,25 +53,14 @@ describe('Auth MFA TOTP without secret', () => {
 			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
 			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
 			.execute();
-		const regOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
-			.body({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)})
-			.execute();
-		if (regOptions.rp.id) {
-			device.rpId = regOptions.rp.id;
-		}
-		const registrationResponse = createRegistrationResponse(device, regOptions, 'Test Passkey');
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.body({
-				response: registrationResponse,
-				challenge: regOptions.challenge,
-				name: 'Test Passkey',
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
 		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
 			.body({
@@ -105,4 +94,39 @@ describe('Auth MFA TOTP without secret', () => {
 			.execute();
 		expect(bypassAttempt.code).toBe('INVALID_FORM_BODY');
 	});
+	it('issues a session token when passkey two-factor is off and no TOTP secret remains', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		const totpData = await createBuilder<{
+			backup_codes: Array<{
+				code: string;
+			}>;
+		}>(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
+			.body({
+				code: totpData.backup_codes[0]!.code,
+				mfa_method: 'totp',
+				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+			})
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const login = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
+			mfa?: true;
+			token: string;
+		}>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login')
+			.body({email: account.email, password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		expect(login.mfa).toBeUndefined();
+		expect(login.token).toBeTruthy();
+	});
 });
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createHash, randomBytes} from 'node:crypto';
+import {createAuthHarness, createTestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {createTestBotAccount} from '@app/api/bot/tests/BotTestUtils';
+import {getConfig} from '@app/api/Config';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import {SuspiciousActivityFlags} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
+import {
+	ORIGIN_HANDOFF_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH,
+	type OriginHandoffCreateResponse,
+	type OriginHandoffRedeemResponse,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/OriginHandoffSchemas';
+import {afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const CREATE_PATH = '/auth/origin-handoff';
+const REDEEM_PATH = '/auth/origin-handoff/redeem';
+const PAYLOAD = randomBytes(96).toString('base64url');
+
+function createNonce(): {nonce: string; nonceHash: string} {
+	const nonce = randomBytes(32).toString('base64url');
+	return {nonce, nonceHash: createHash('sha256').update(nonce).digest('hex')};
+}
+
+describe('Origin handoff', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	let webAppOrigin: string;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+		webAppOrigin = getConfig().endpoints.webAppOrigins[0];
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = false;
+		getConfig().endpoints.webAppOrigins = [webAppOrigin];
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	async function createHandoff(token: string, nonceHash: string): Promise<string> {
+		const response = await createBuilder<OriginHandoffCreateResponse>(harness, token)
+			.post(CREATE_PATH)
+			.body({nonce_hash: nonceHash, payload: PAYLOAD})
+			.execute();
+		expect(response.handoff_id).toMatch(/^[A-Za-z0-9_-]{43}$/);
+		return response.handoff_id;
+	}
+
+	it('hands the payload over once to the origin that holds the nonce', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const {nonce, nonceHash} = createNonce();
+		const handoffId = await createHandoff(account.token, nonceHash);
+
+		const redeemed = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<OriginHandoffRedeemResponse>(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', webAppOrigin)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.execute();
+		expect(redeemed).toEqual({payload: PAYLOAD});
+
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', webAppOrigin)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_ORIGIN_HANDOFF)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('consumes the handoff when the nonce does not match', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const {nonce, nonceHash} = createNonce();
+		const handoffId = await createHandoff(account.token, nonceHash);
+
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', webAppOrigin)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce: createNonce().nonce})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_ORIGIN_HANDOFF_NONCE)
+			.execute();
+
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', webAppOrigin)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_ORIGIN_HANDOFF)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('answers an unknown handoff id with its own error code', async () => {
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', webAppOrigin)
+			.body({handoff_id: randomBytes(32).toString('base64url'), nonce: createNonce().nonce})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_ORIGIN_HANDOFF)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('requires a logged-in user to create a handoff', async () => {
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(CREATE_PATH)
+			.body({nonce_hash: createNonce().nonceHash, payload: PAYLOAD})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('refuses to create a handoff for an account flagged as suspicious', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(`/test/users/${account.userId}/security-flags`)
+			.body({suspicious_activity_flags: SuspiciousActivityFlags.REQUIRE_VERIFIED_PHONE})
+			.execute();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post(CREATE_PATH)
+			.body({nonce_hash: createNonce().nonceHash, payload: PAYLOAD})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.ACCOUNT_SUSPICIOUS_ACTIVITY)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('refuses a create body larger than the payload ceiling before parsing it', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post(CREATE_PATH)
+			.body({nonce_hash: createNonce().nonceHash, payload: 'a'.repeat(ORIGIN_HANDOFF_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH + 2048)})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.FILE_SIZE_TOO_LARGE)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('refuses to create a handoff for a bot', async () => {
+		const bot = await createTestBotAccount(harness);
+		await createBuilder(harness, `Bot ${bot.botToken}`)
+			.post(CREATE_PATH)
+			.body({nonce_hash: createNonce().nonceHash, payload: PAYLOAD})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it.each([
+		{name: 'an uppercase nonce hash', body: {nonce_hash: 'A'.repeat(64), payload: PAYLOAD}},
+		{name: 'a short nonce hash', body: {nonce_hash: 'a'.repeat(63), payload: PAYLOAD}},
+		{name: 'a payload outside base64url', body: {nonce_hash: 'a'.repeat(64), payload: 'not+base64/url='}},
+		{name: 'an empty payload', body: {nonce_hash: 'a'.repeat(64), payload: ''}},
+	])('rejects $name', async ({body}) => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post(CREATE_PATH)
+			.body(body)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_FORM_BODY)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('refuses a redeem from an origin outside the first-party web origins', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const {nonce, nonceHash} = createNonce();
+		const handoffId = await createHandoff(account.token, nonceHash);
+
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', 'https://evil.example')
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_API_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_API_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+
+		const redeemed = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<OriginHandoffRedeemResponse>(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', webAppOrigin)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.execute();
+		expect(redeemed.payload).toBe(PAYLOAD);
+	});
+
+	it('accepts a redeem from a configured web app origin alias', async () => {
+		getConfig().endpoints.webAppOrigins = [webAppOrigin, 'https://fluxer.com'];
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const {nonce, nonceHash} = createNonce();
+		const handoffId = await createHandoff(account.token, nonceHash);
+
+		const redeemed = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<OriginHandoffRedeemResponse>(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.header('origin', 'https://fluxer.com')
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.execute();
+		expect(redeemed.payload).toBe(PAYLOAD);
+	});
+
+	it('skips the origin check on a self-hosted instance', async () => {
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = true;
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const {nonce, nonceHash} = createNonce();
+		const handoffId = await createHandoff(account.token, nonceHash);
+
+		const redeemed = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<OriginHandoffRedeemResponse>(harness)
+			.post(REDEEM_PATH)
+			.body({handoff_id: handoffId, nonce})
+			.execute();
+		expect(redeemed.payload).toBe(PAYLOAD);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createHash} from 'node:crypto';
+import {
+	createAuthHarness,
+	createTestAccount,
+	type LoginMfaResponse,
+	loginUser,
+	type TestAccount,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	type BridgeNonce,
+	createBridgeNonce,
+	LEGACY_ORIGIN,
+	LEGACY_RP_ID,
+	registerPasskey,
+	runNativeSudoBridge,
+	setDomainMigration,
+	TARGET_ORIGIN,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/PasskeyTestUtils';
+import {
+	createAuthenticationResponse,
+	createTotpSecret,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	generateTotpCode,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+	type WebAuthnDevice,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import {getConfig} from '@app/api/Config';
+import {getCacheService} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import type {
+	PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeLoginRedeemResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeStartResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/PasskeyBridgeSchemas';
+import {afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const SUDO_MODE_HEADER = 'X-Fluxer-Sudo-Mode-JWT';
+
+interface StartedBridge {
+	ceremonyId: string;
+	bridgeUrl: string | null;
+	nonce: BridgeNonce;
+}
+
+describe('Passkey bridge', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+		await setDomainMigration(true);
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = false;
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	async function createLegacyAccount(): Promise<{account: TestAccount; device: WebAuthnDevice}> {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, device, {password: account.password}, 'Old');
+		return {account, device};
+	}
+
+	async function startLogin(body: Record<string, unknown> = {}, origin = TARGET_ORIGIN): Promise<StartedBridge> {
+		const nonce = createBridgeNonce();
+		const start = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<PasskeyBridgeStartResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/passkey-bridge')
+			.header('origin', origin)
+			.body({purpose: 'login', runner: 'page', nonce_hash: nonce.nonceHash, ...body})
+			.execute();
+		return {ceremonyId: start.ceremony_id, bridgeUrl: start.bridge_url, nonce};
+	}
+
+	async function startSudo(token: string, runner: 'page' | 'native' = 'page'): Promise<StartedBridge> {
+		const nonce = createBridgeNonce();
+		const start = await createBuilder<PasskeyBridgeStartResponse>(harness, token)
+			.post('/users/@me/passkey-bridge')
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({runner, nonce_hash: nonce.nonceHash})
+			.execute();
+		return {ceremonyId: start.ceremony_id, bridgeUrl: start.bridge_url, nonce};
+	}
+
+	async function fetchOptions(ceremonyId: string, origin = LEGACY_ORIGIN): Promise<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions> {
+		const {options} = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{options: WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions}>(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${ceremonyId}/options`)
+			.header('origin', origin)
+			.execute();
+		return options;
+	}
+
+	async function complete(
+		ceremonyId: string,
+		device: WebAuthnDevice,
+		origin = LEGACY_ORIGIN,
+	): Promise<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse> {
+		const options = await fetchOptions(ceremonyId, origin);
+		return createBuilderWithoutAuth<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse>(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${ceremonyId}/complete`)
+			.header('origin', origin)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options)})
+			.execute();
+	}
+
+	function completionCodeFrom(finish: PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse, ceremonyId: string): string {
+		const url = new URL(finish.return_url!);
+		const [id, code] = url.hash.slice('#passkey-bridge='.length).split('.');
+		expect(id).toBe(ceremonyId);
+		return code;
+	}
+
+	function redeemLogin(ceremonyId: string, nonce: string, completionCode: string) {
+		return createBuilderWithoutAuth<PasskeyBridgeLoginRedeemResponse>(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${ceremonyId}/redeem`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({nonce, completion_code: completionCode});
+	}
+
+	it('refuses to start outside the new origin and on a self-hosted instance, whatever the switch', async () => {
+		const nonce = createBridgeNonce();
+		const body = {purpose: 'login', runner: 'native', nonce_hash: nonce.nonceHash};
+		for (const origin of [LEGACY_ORIGIN, 'https://evil.example']) {
+			await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+				.post('/auth/passkey-bridge')
+				.header('origin', origin)
+				.body(body)
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_API_ORIGIN)
+				.execute();
+		}
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/passkey-bridge')
+			.body(body)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_API_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = true;
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/passkey-bridge')
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body(body)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_API_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = false;
+		await setDomainMigration(false);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/passkey-bridge')
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body(body)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('runs the ceremony only on the paired origin and keeps going when the switch goes off', async () => {
+		const {device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startLogin();
+		expect(started.bridgeUrl).toBe(`${LEGACY_ORIGIN}/passkey-bridge#${started.ceremonyId}`);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/options`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_API_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+		const options = await fetchOptions(started.ceremonyId);
+		expect(options.rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect(options.allowCredentials).toBeUndefined();
+		expect(options.userVerification).toBe('required');
+		await setDomainMigration(false);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/complete`)
+			.header('origin', LEGACY_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options)})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('signs in through a page ceremony and always returns to the bridge page', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startLogin({
+			return_path: '/api/v1/oauth2/authorize?prompt=none&redirect_uri=https://evil.example/cb',
+		});
+		const finish = await complete(started.ceremonyId, device);
+		expect(finish.completion_code).toBeNull();
+		const returnUrl = new URL(finish.return_url!);
+		expect(`${returnUrl.origin}${returnUrl.pathname}${returnUrl.search}`).toBe(`${TARGET_ORIGIN}/passkey-bridge`);
+		const code = completionCodeFrom(finish, started.ceremonyId);
+		const redeemed = await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, code).execute();
+		expect(redeemed.status).toBe('completed');
+		if (redeemed.status !== 'completed') return;
+		expect(redeemed.user_id).toBe(account.userId);
+		const me = await createBuilder<{id: string}>(harness, redeemed.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(me.id).toBe(account.userId);
+		await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, code)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('needs both the nonce and the completion code', async () => {
+		const {device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startLogin();
+		const code = completionCodeFrom(await complete(started.ceremonyId, device), started.ceremonyId);
+		const attacker = createBridgeNonce();
+		await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, attacker.nonce, code)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_NONCE)
+			.execute();
+		await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, code)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+
+		const second = await startLogin();
+		completionCodeFrom(await complete(second.ceremonyId, device), second.ceremonyId);
+		await redeemLogin(second.ceremonyId, second.nonce.nonce, 'A'.repeat(43))
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_PASSKEY_BRIDGE_NONCE)
+			.execute();
+		await redeemLogin(second.ceremonyId, second.nonce.nonce, 'A'.repeat(43))
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('keeps a pending ceremony when redeemed early or verification fails', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const target = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, target, {password: account.password}, 'New', TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		const started = await startLogin();
+		await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, 'A'.repeat(43))
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+		const options = await fetchOptions(started.ceremonyId);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/complete`)
+			.header('origin', LEGACY_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(target, options)})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED, APIErrorCodes.PASSKEY_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED)
+			.execute();
+		const code = completionCodeFrom(await complete(started.ceremonyId, device), started.ceremonyId);
+		const redeemed = await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, code).execute();
+		expect(redeemed.status).toBe('completed');
+	});
+
+	it('never lets a bridge challenge through the normal endpoints', async () => {
+		const {device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startLogin();
+		const options = await fetchOptions(started.ceremonyId);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
+			.header('origin', LEGACY_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options), challenge: options.challenge})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED, APIErrorCodes.PASSKEY_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('reports a cancelled ceremony and refuses to cancel a completed one', async () => {
+		const {device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startLogin();
+		const cancelled = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse>(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/cancel`)
+			.header('origin', LEGACY_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+		const code = completionCodeFrom(cancelled, started.ceremonyId);
+		expect(await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, code).execute()).toEqual({status: 'cancelled'});
+
+		const second = await startLogin();
+		await complete(second.ceremonyId, device);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${second.ceremonyId}/cancel`)
+			.header('origin', LEGACY_ORIGIN)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('completes two-factor sign in for the ticket holder', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerPasskey(
+			harness,
+			account.token,
+			device,
+			{mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)},
+			'Old',
+		);
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)});
+		const login = (await loginUser(harness, {email: account.email, password: account.password})) as LoginMfaResponse;
+		const started = await startLogin({purpose: 'login_mfa', ticket: login.ticket});
+		const options = await fetchOptions(started.ceremonyId);
+		expect(options.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([device.credentialId.toString('base64url')]);
+		expect(options.userVerification).toBe('discouraged');
+		const code = completionCodeFrom(await complete(started.ceremonyId, device), started.ceremonyId);
+		const redeemed = await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, started.nonce.nonce, code).execute();
+		expect(redeemed.status).toBe('completed');
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/totp')
+			.body({code: generateTotpCode(secret), ticket: login.ticket})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('issues a sudo token that passes a sudo-protected route', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const credentialId = device.credentialId.toString('base64url');
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.patch(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialId}`)
+			.body({name: 'Renamed'})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN)
+			.execute();
+		const redeemed = await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, account.token, device);
+		expect(redeemed.status).toBe('completed');
+		if (redeemed.status !== 'completed') return;
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.patch(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialId}`)
+			.header(SUDO_MODE_HEADER, redeemed.sudo_token)
+			.body({name: 'Renamed'})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('returns sudo page ceremonies to the bridge page on the new origin', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startSudo(account.token);
+		const finish = await complete(started.ceremonyId, device);
+		const returnUrl = new URL(finish.return_url!);
+		expect(`${returnUrl.origin}${returnUrl.pathname}`).toBe(`${TARGET_ORIGIN}/passkey-bridge`);
+		const code = completionCodeFrom(finish, started.ceremonyId);
+		const redeemed = await createBuilder<PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse>(harness, account.token)
+			.post(`/users/@me/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/redeem`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({nonce: started.nonce.nonce, completion_code: code})
+			.execute();
+		expect(redeemed.status).toBe('completed');
+	});
+
+	it('does not consume a ceremony redeemed on the wrong route or by another user', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const other = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const started = await startSudo(account.token, 'native');
+		const options = await fetchOptions(started.ceremonyId, TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		const finish = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse>(harness)
+			.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/complete`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options)})
+			.execute();
+		const body = {nonce: started.nonce.nonce, completion_code: finish.completion_code};
+		await redeemLogin(started.ceremonyId, body.nonce, body.completion_code!)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+		await createBuilder(harness, other.token)
+			.post(`/users/@me/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/redeem`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body(body)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_BRIDGE)
+			.execute();
+		const redeemed = await createBuilder<PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse>(harness, account.token)
+			.post(`/users/@me/passkey-bridge/${started.ceremonyId}/redeem`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body(body)
+			.execute();
+		expect(redeemed.status).toBe('completed');
+	});
+
+	it('always stores the ceremony with an expiry', async () => {
+		const {device} = await createLegacyAccount();
+		const started = await startLogin();
+		const key = `passkey_bridge:${createHash('sha256').update(started.ceremonyId).digest('hex')}`;
+		const cache = getCacheService();
+		const ttls = [await cache.ttl(key)];
+		await fetchOptions(started.ceremonyId);
+		ttls.push(await cache.ttl(key));
+		await complete(started.ceremonyId, device);
+		ttls.push(await cache.ttl(key));
+		for (const ttl of ttls) {
+			expect(ttl).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+			expect(ttl).toBeLessThanOrEqual(600);
+		}
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createAuthHarness, createTestAccount, type TestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	LEGACY_RP_ID,
+	listPasskeys,
+	registerPasskey,
+	runNativeSudoBridge,
+	setDomainMigration,
+	TARGET_ORIGIN,
+	TARGET_RP_ID,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/PasskeyTestUtils';
+import {
+	createAuthenticationResponse,
+	createRegistrationResponse,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+	type WebAuthnDevice,
+	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import {createUserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import {getUserRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import type {PasskeyMigrationResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/PasskeyMigrationSchemas';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const MIGRATION_PATH = '/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/migration';
+const MIGRATION_OPTIONS_PATH = '/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/migration/registration-options';
+
+function credentialIdOf(device: WebAuthnDevice): string {
+	return device.credentialId.toString('base64url');
+}
+
+interface RpcSessionResponse {
+	data: {webauthn_credentials: Array<{id: string; rp_id: string}>};
+}
+
+describe('Passkey migration', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	async function createAssignedAccount(): Promise<{account: TestAccount; legacy: WebAuthnDevice}> {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const legacy = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, legacy, {password: account.password}, 'Laptop');
+		await setDomainMigration(true, [account.userId]);
+		return {account, legacy};
+	}
+
+	async function getPending(token: string): Promise<PasskeyMigrationResponse['pending']> {
+		const response = await createBuilder<PasskeyMigrationResponse>(harness, token).get(MIGRATION_PATH).execute();
+		return response.pending;
+	}
+
+	async function migrationOptions(token: string): Promise<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions> {
+		return createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, token)
+			.post(MIGRATION_OPTIONS_PATH)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.execute();
+	}
+
+	function completeMigration(token: string, device: WebAuthnDevice, options: WebAuthnRegistrationOptions) {
+		return createBuilder(harness, token)
+			.post(MIGRATION_PATH)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createRegistrationResponse(device, options, 'Laptop'), challenge: options.challenge});
+	}
+
+	async function migrate(account: TestAccount, legacy: WebAuthnDevice): Promise<WebAuthnDevice> {
+		await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, account.token, legacy);
+		const target = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await completeMigration(account.token, target, await migrationOptions(account.token))
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+		return target;
+	}
+
+	async function discoverableLogin(device: WebAuthnDevice, origin?: string, status: number = HTTP_STATUS.OK) {
+		const optionsBuilder = createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body(null);
+		if (origin) optionsBuilder.header('origin', origin);
+		const options = await optionsBuilder.execute();
+		const builder = createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options), challenge: options.challenge})
+			.expect(status);
+		if (origin) builder.header('origin', origin);
+		await builder.execute();
+	}
+
+	it('records a pending update for any account on the new origin while the switch is on', async () => {
+		const unassigned = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const unassignedDevice = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, unassigned.token, unassignedDevice, {password: unassigned.password}, 'Laptop');
+		await setDomainMigration(false);
+		expect((await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, unassigned.token, unassignedDevice)).status).toBe('completed');
+		expect(await getPending(unassigned.token)).toBeNull();
+
+		await setDomainMigration(true);
+		expect((await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, unassigned.token, unassignedDevice)).status).toBe('completed');
+		expect(await getPending(unassigned.token)).toEqual({
+			credential_id: credentialIdOf(unassignedDevice),
+			name: 'Laptop',
+			cross_device: false,
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('needs a pending update and the new origin for registration options', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post(MIGRATION_OPTIONS_PATH)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_MIGRATION)
+			.execute();
+		await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, account.token, legacy);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post(MIGRATION_OPTIONS_PATH)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_PASSKEY_MIGRATION)
+			.execute();
+		const options = await migrationOptions(account.token);
+		expect(options.rp.id).toBe(TARGET_RP_ID);
+	});
+
+	it('replaces the passkey under the same name and hides the old one', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		const target = await migrate(account, legacy);
+		const credentials = await listPasskeys(harness, account.token);
+		expect(credentials).toEqual([
+			expect.objectContaining({id: credentialIdOf(target), name: 'Laptop', rp_id: TARGET_RP_ID}),
+		]);
+		const old = await getUserRepository().getWebAuthnCredential(
+			createUserID(BigInt(account.userId)),
+			credentialIdOf(legacy),
+		);
+		expect(old?.supersededBy).toBe(credentialIdOf(target));
+		expect(await getPending(account.token)).toBeNull();
+		const ready = await createBuilder<RpcSessionResponse>(harness, '')
+			.post('/test/rpc-session-init')
+			.body({type: 'session', token: account.token, version: 1, ip: '127.0.0.1'})
+			.execute();
+		expect(ready.data.webauthn_credentials.map(({id, rp_id}) => ({id, rp_id}))).toEqual([
+			{id: credentialIdOf(target), rp_id: TARGET_RP_ID},
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the old passkey working off the new origin', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		const target = await migrate(account, legacy);
+		await discoverableLogin(legacy);
+		await discoverableLogin(legacy, TARGET_ORIGIN, HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED);
+		await discoverableLogin(target, TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.patch(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialIdOf(legacy)}`)
+			.body({name: 'Renamed', password: account.password})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND, APIErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_WEBAUTHN_CREDENTIAL)
+			.execute();
+		const sudoOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/sudo/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body(null)
+			.execute();
+		expect(sudoOptions.rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect(sudoOptions.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(legacy)]);
+	});
+
+	it('removes the old passkey together with its replacement', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		const target = await migrate(account, legacy);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.delete(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialIdOf(target)}`)
+			.body({password: account.password})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+		expect(await getUserRepository().listWebAuthnCredentials(createUserID(BigInt(account.userId)))).toEqual([]);
+		await discoverableLogin(legacy, undefined, HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED);
+	});
+
+	it('removes every remaining superseded passkey with the last visible one', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const orphan = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const visible = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, orphan, {password: account.password}, 'Orphan');
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, visible, {password: account.password}, 'Visible');
+		const userId = createUserID(BigInt(account.userId));
+		await getUserRepository().setWebAuthnCredentialSupersededBy(userId, credentialIdOf(orphan), 'gone');
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.delete(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialIdOf(visible)}`)
+			.body({password: account.password})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+		expect(await getUserRepository().listWebAuthnCredentials(userId)).toEqual([]);
+	});
+
+	it('has no way to attach the old passkey to another one', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, account.token, legacy);
+		const target = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, target, {password: account.password}, 'Phone', TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.delete(MIGRATION_PATH)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND)
+			.execute();
+		expect((await listPasskeys(harness, account.token)).map((cred) => cred.id).sort()).toEqual(
+			[credentialIdOf(legacy), credentialIdOf(target)].sort(),
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('never lets a migration challenge through the normal registration route', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, account.token, legacy);
+		const options = await migrationOptions(account.token);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({
+				response: createRegistrationResponse(createWebAuthnDevice(), options, 'Sneaky'),
+				challenge: options.challenge,
+				name: 'Sneaky',
+			})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, APIErrorCodes.INVALID_WEBAUTHN_CREDENTIAL)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('creates one credential when two updates race', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy} = await createAssignedAccount();
+		await runNativeSudoBridge(harness, account.token, legacy);
+		const first = await migrationOptions(account.token);
+		const second = await migrationOptions(account.token);
+		const results = await Promise.all(
+			[first, second].map((options) =>
+				completeMigration(account.token, createWebAuthnDevice(), options)
+					.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+					.executeWithResponse()
+					.then(
+						() => 'ok',
+						() => 'failed',
+					),
+			),
+		);
+		expect(results.sort()).toEqual(['failed', 'ok']);
+		const credentials = await listPasskeys(harness, account.token);
+		expect(credentials).toHaveLength(1);
+		expect(credentials[0].rp_id).toBe(TARGET_RP_ID);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createAuthHarness, createTestAccount, type TestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	LEGACY_ORIGIN,
+	LEGACY_RP_ID,
+	listPasskeys,
+	registerPasskey,
+	TARGET_ORIGIN,
+	TARGET_RP_ID,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/PasskeyTestUtils';
+import {
+	createAuthenticationResponse,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+	type WebAuthnDevice,
+	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import {createUserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import {getConfig} from '@app/api/Config';
+import {getUserRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import {afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+function credentialIdOf(device: WebAuthnDevice): string {
+	return device.credentialId.toString('base64url');
+}
+
+describe('Passkey relying party selection', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = false;
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	async function registrationRpId(account: TestAccount, origin?: string): Promise<string> {
+		const builder = createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
+			.body({password: account.password});
+		if (origin) builder.header('origin', origin);
+		return (await builder.execute()).rp.id;
+	}
+
+	async function discoverableOptions(origin?: string): Promise<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions> {
+		const builder = createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body(null);
+		if (origin) builder.header('origin', origin);
+		return builder.execute();
+	}
+
+	async function sudoOptions(token: string, origin?: string): Promise<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions> {
+		const builder = createBuilder<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness, token)
+			.post('/users/@me/sudo/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body(null);
+		if (origin) builder.header('origin', origin);
+		return builder.execute();
+	}
+
+	async function createMixedAccount(): Promise<{account: TestAccount; legacy: WebAuthnDevice; target: WebAuthnDevice}> {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const legacy = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const target = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, legacy, {password: account.password}, 'Old');
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, target, {password: account.password}, 'New', TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		return {account, legacy, target};
+	}
+
+	it('uses the new relying party only for requests from the new origin', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		expect(await registrationRpId(account)).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect(await registrationRpId(account, LEGACY_ORIGIN)).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect(await registrationRpId(account, TARGET_ORIGIN)).toBe(TARGET_RP_ID);
+		expect((await discoverableOptions()).rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect((await discoverableOptions(LEGACY_ORIGIN)).rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect((await discoverableOptions(TARGET_ORIGIN)).rpId).toBe(TARGET_RP_ID);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the legacy relying party everywhere on a self-hosted instance', async () => {
+		getConfig().instance.selfHosted = true;
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		expect(await registrationRpId(account, TARGET_ORIGIN)).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect((await discoverableOptions(TARGET_ORIGIN)).rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+	});
+
+	it('stores and exposes the relying party of each passkey', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy, target} = await createMixedAccount();
+		const credentials = await listPasskeys(harness, account.token);
+		expect(credentials.map(({id, rp_id}) => ({id, rp_id}))).toEqual(
+			expect.arrayContaining([
+				{id: credentialIdOf(legacy), rp_id: LEGACY_RP_ID},
+				{id: credentialIdOf(target), rp_id: TARGET_RP_ID},
+			]),
+		);
+		const legacyRow = await getUserRepository().getWebAuthnCredential(
+			createUserID(BigInt(account.userId)),
+			credentialIdOf(legacy),
+		);
+		expect(legacyRow?.rpId).toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the legacy options unchanged for a legacy-only account off the new origin', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, device, {password: account.password}, 'Old');
+		for (const origin of [undefined, LEGACY_ORIGIN]) {
+			const options = await sudoOptions(account.token, origin);
+			expect(options.rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+			expect(options.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(device)]);
+			expect(options.userVerification).toBe('discouraged');
+		}
+	});
+
+	it('offers one relying party group per request', async () => {
+		const {account, legacy, target} = await createMixedAccount();
+		const onTarget = await sudoOptions(account.token, TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		expect(onTarget.rpId).toBe(TARGET_RP_ID);
+		expect(onTarget.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(target)]);
+		const offTarget = await sudoOptions(account.token);
+		expect(offTarget.rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect(offTarget.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(legacy)]);
+	});
+
+	it('falls back to the other group when the preferred one is empty', async () => {
+		const legacyOnly = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const legacy = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, legacyOnly.token, legacy, {password: legacyOnly.password}, 'Old');
+		expect((await sudoOptions(legacyOnly.token, TARGET_ORIGIN)).rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		const targetOnly = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const target = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, targetOnly.token, target, {password: targetOnly.password}, 'New', TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		expect((await sudoOptions(targetOnly.token)).rpId).toBe(TARGET_RP_ID);
+	});
+
+	it('rejects a passkey from another relying party before the test mode shortcut', async () => {
+		const {legacy} = await createMixedAccount();
+		const options = await discoverableOptions(TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(legacy, options), challenge: options.challenge})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED, APIErrorCodes.PASSKEY_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('rejects a passkey outside the offered list before the test mode shortcut', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const visible = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const superseded = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, visible, {password: account.password}, 'Visible');
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, superseded, {password: account.password}, 'Superseded');
+		await getUserRepository().setWebAuthnCredentialSupersededBy(
+			createUserID(BigInt(account.userId)),
+			credentialIdOf(superseded),
+			credentialIdOf(visible),
+		);
+		const options = await sudoOptions(account.token, TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		expect(options.rpId).toBe(LEGACY_RP_ID);
+		expect(options.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(visible)]);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.patch(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialIdOf(visible)}`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({
+				name: 'Renamed',
+				mfa_method: 'webauthn',
+				webauthn_response: createAuthenticationResponse(superseded, options),
+				webauthn_challenge: options.challenge,
+			})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST)
+			.execute();
+		const retry = await sudoOptions(account.token, TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.patch(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentialIdOf(visible)}`)
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({
+				name: 'Renamed',
+				mfa_method: 'webauthn',
+				webauthn_response: createAuthenticationResponse(visible, retry),
+				webauthn_challenge: retry.challenge,
+			})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('accepts a superseded passkey only off the new origin', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const legacy = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const target = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, legacy, {password: account.password}, 'Old');
+		await registerPasskey(harness, account.token, target, {password: account.password}, 'New', TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		await getUserRepository().setWebAuthnCredentialSupersededBy(
+			createUserID(BigInt(account.userId)),
+			credentialIdOf(legacy),
+			credentialIdOf(target),
+		);
+		expect((await listPasskeys(harness, account.token)).map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(target)]);
+
+		const offTarget = await discoverableOptions();
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(legacy, offTarget), challenge: offTarget.challenge})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+			.execute();
+		const sudoOffTarget = await sudoOptions(account.token);
+		expect(sudoOffTarget.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(legacy)]);
+
+		const onTarget = await discoverableOptions(TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
+			.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+			.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(legacy, onTarget), challenge: onTarget.challenge})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.UNAUTHORIZED, APIErrorCodes.PASSKEY_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED)
+			.execute();
+		const sudoOnTarget = await sudoOptions(account.token, TARGET_ORIGIN);
+		expect(sudoOnTarget.allowCredentials?.map((cred) => cred.id)).toEqual([credentialIdOf(target)]);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createHash, randomBytes} from 'node:crypto';
+import {
+	createAuthenticationResponse,
+	createRegistrationResponse,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+	type WebAuthnDevice,
+	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {DEFAULT_DOMAIN_MIGRATION_CONFIG} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/DomainMigrationSchemas';
+import type {
+	PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeStartResponse,
+	PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse,
+} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/auth/PasskeyBridgeSchemas';
+
+export const TARGET_ORIGIN = 'https://fluxer.com';
+export const LEGACY_ORIGIN = 'https://web.fluxer.app';
+export const LEGACY_RP_ID = 'localhost';
+export const TARGET_RP_ID = 'fluxer.com';
+
+export interface PasskeyCredentialListItem {
+	id: string;
+	name: string;
+	rp_id: string;
+}
+
+export interface BridgeNonce {
+	nonce: string;
+	nonceHash: string;
+}
+
+export function createBridgeNonce(): BridgeNonce {
+	const nonce = randomBytes(32).toString('base64url');
+	return {nonce, nonceHash: createHash('sha256').update(nonce).digest('hex')};
+}
+
+export async function setDomainMigration(enabled: boolean, includedUserIds: Array<string> = []): Promise<void> {
+	await getInstanceConfigRepository().setDomainMigrationConfig({
+		...DEFAULT_DOMAIN_MIGRATION_CONFIG,
+		enabled,
+		included_user_ids: includedUserIds,
+	});
+}
+
+export async function registerPasskey(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	token: string,
+	device: WebAuthnDevice,
+	sudo: Record<string, unknown>,
+	name: string,
+	origin?: string,
+): Promise<void> {
+	const optionsBuilder = createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
+		.body(sudo);
+	if (origin) optionsBuilder.header('origin', origin);
+	const options = await optionsBuilder.execute();
+	const registerBuilder = createBuilder(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+		.body({response: createRegistrationResponse(device, options, name), challenge: options.challenge, name})
+		.expect(204);
+	if (origin) registerBuilder.header('origin', origin);
+	await registerBuilder.execute();
+}
+
+export async function listPasskeys(harness: ApiTestHarness, token: string): Promise<Array<PasskeyCredentialListItem>> {
+	return createBuilder<Array<PasskeyCredentialListItem>>(harness, token)
+		.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+		.execute();
+}
+
+export async function runNativeSudoBridge(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	token: string,
+	device: WebAuthnDevice,
+	nonce: BridgeNonce = createBridgeNonce(),
+): Promise<PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse> {
+	const start = await createBuilder<PasskeyBridgeStartResponse>(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/passkey-bridge')
+		.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+		.body({runner: 'native', nonce_hash: nonce.nonceHash})
+		.execute();
+	const {options} = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{options: WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions}>(harness)
+		.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${start.ceremony_id}/options`)
+		.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+		.execute();
+	const finish = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<PasskeyBridgeFinishResponse>(harness)
+		.post(`/auth/passkey-bridge/${start.ceremony_id}/complete`)
+		.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+		.body({response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options)})
+		.execute();
+	return createBuilder<PasskeyBridgeSudoRedeemResponse>(harness, token)
+		.post(`/users/@me/passkey-bridge/${start.ceremony_id}/redeem`)
+		.header('origin', TARGET_ORIGIN)
+		.body({nonce: nonce.nonce, completion_code: finish.completion_code})
+		.execute();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createHash} from 'node:crypto';
+import {
+	createAuthHarness,
+	createTestAccount,
+	createUniqueEmail,
+	createUniqueUsername,
+	enableSso,
+	setUserACLs,
+	type TestAccount,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {createUserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import type {UserRow} from '@app/api/database/types/UserTypes';
+import {
+	InstanceConfigRepository,
+	REGISTRATION_PENDING_APPROVAL_TRAIT,
+} from '@app/api/instance/InstanceConfigRepository';
+import {getInstanceConfigRepository} from '@app/api/middleware/ServiceSingletons';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {UserRepository} from '@app/api/user/repositories/UserRepository';
+import {AdminACLs} from '@fluxer/constants/src/AdminACLs';
+import {APIErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ApiErrorCodes';
+import type {InstanceConfigResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/admin/AdminSchemas';
+import {afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi} from 'vitest';
+
+const REGISTRATION_URLS_KEY = 'registration_urls';
+const REGISTRATION_PENDING_APPROVALS_KEY = 'registration_pending_approvals';
+
+interface RegistrationResponse {
+	user_id?: string;
+	token?: string;
+	registration_pending_approval?: true;
+	code?: string;
+}
+
+function registrationBody(prefix: string, registrationUrlCode?: string): Record<string, unknown> {
+	return {
+		email: createUniqueEmail(prefix),
+		username: createUniqueUsername(prefix),
+		global_name: 'Signup Race',
+		password: 'a-strong-password',
+		date_of_birth: '2000-01-01',
+		consent: true,
+		...(registrationUrlCode === undefined ? {} : {registration_url_code: registrationUrlCode}),
+	};
+}
+
+describe('signups racing on registration URLs and pending approvals', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	let admin: TestAccount;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+		admin = await setUserACLs(harness, await createTestAccount(harness), [
+			AdminACLs.AUTHENTICATE,
+			AdminACLs.INSTANCE_CONFIG_VIEW,
+			AdminACLs.INSTANCE_CONFIG_UPDATE,
+		]);
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		vi.restoreAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	const register = (prefix: string, registrationUrlCode?: string) =>
+		createBuilderWithoutAuth<RegistrationResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/register')
+			.body(registrationBody(prefix, registrationUrlCode))
+			.executeRaw();
+
+	const readAdminConfig = (): Promise<InstanceConfigResponse> =>
+		createBuilder<InstanceConfigResponse>(harness, admin.token).get('/admin/instance/config').execute();
+
+	const completeSso = async (prefix: string) => {
+		const start = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{state: string}>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/sso/start')
+			.body({redirect_to: '/me'})
+			.execute();
+		return createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/sso/complete')
+			.body({code: createUniqueEmail(prefix), state: start.state})
+			.executeRaw();
+	};
+
+	const failCreateAfterTheUserRowIsWritten = () => {
+		const create = UserRepository.prototype.create;
+		vi.spyOn(UserRepository.prototype, 'create').mockImplementationOnce(async function (
+			this: UserRepository,
+			row: UserRow,
+		) {
+			await create.call(this, row);
+			throw new Error('the user indexes could not be written after the user row');
+		});
+	};
+
+	const failAfterThePendingApprovalIsStored = () => {
+		const addPendingRegistration = InstanceConfigRepository.prototype.addPendingRegistration;
+		vi.spyOn(InstanceConfigRepository.prototype, 'addPendingRegistration').mockImplementationOnce(async function (
+			this: InstanceConfigRepository,
+			entry: Parameters<InstanceConfigRepository['addPendingRegistration']>[0],
+		) {
+			await addPendingRegistration.call(this, entry);
+			throw new Error('the pending approval could not be published');
+		});
+	};
+
+	const expectOnePendingAccount = async () => {
+		const pending = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations;
+		expect(pending).toHaveLength(1);
+		const account = await new UserRepository().findUnique(createUserID(BigInt(pending[0]!.user_id)));
+		expect(account?.traits.has(REGISTRATION_PENDING_APPROVAL_TRAIT)).toBe(true);
+	};
+
+	it('never lets concurrent signups through a capped registration URL exceed max_uses', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const {code, registrationUrl} = await repository.createRegistrationUrl({
+			label: 'Capped',
+			createdByUserId: '1',
+			expiresAt: null,
+			maxUses: 2,
+			approvalRequired: false,
+		});
+
+		const attempts = await Promise.all(Array.from({length: 6}, (_, index) => register(`capped${index}`, code)));
+
+		const admitted = attempts.filter((attempt) => attempt.response.status === HTTP_STATUS.OK);
+		const refused = attempts.filter((attempt) => attempt.response.status !== HTTP_STATUS.OK);
+		expect(admitted).toHaveLength(2);
+		for (const attempt of refused) {
+			expect(attempt.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST);
+			expect(attempt.json.code).toBe(APIErrorCodes.REGISTRATION_URL_INVALID);
+		}
+		const stored = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id);
+		expect(stored?.use_count).toBe(2);
+		expect(admitted.map((attempt) => attempt.json.user_id)).toContain(stored?.last_used_by_user_id);
+	});
+
+	it('admits exactly max_uses when 120 signups race through a registration URL capped at 40', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const {code, registrationUrl} = await repository.createRegistrationUrl({
+			label: 'Capped at 40',
+			createdByUserId: '1',
+			expiresAt: null,
+			maxUses: 40,
+			approvalRequired: false,
+		});
+		const registerUntilDecided = async (prefix: string) => {
+			for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 20; attempt += 1) {
+				const result = await register(`${prefix}r${attempt}`, code);
+				if (result.response.status !== HTTP_STATUS.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE) return result;
+			}
+			throw new Error('a signup never reached a decision');
+		};
+
+		const attempts = await Promise.all(Array.from({length: 120}, (_, index) => registerUntilDecided(`surge${index}`)));
+
+		const admitted = attempts.filter((attempt) => attempt.response.status === HTTP_STATUS.OK);
+		expect(admitted).toHaveLength(40);
+		for (const attempt of attempts.filter((entry) => entry.response.status !== HTTP_STATUS.OK)) {
+			expect(attempt.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST);
+			expect(attempt.json.code).toBe(APIErrorCodes.REGISTRATION_URL_INVALID);
+		}
+		const stored = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id);
+		expect(stored?.use_count).toBe(40);
+	});
+
+	it('counts every concurrent signup through an uncapped registration URL', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const {code, registrationUrl} = await repository.createRegistrationUrl({
+			label: 'Uncapped',
+			createdByUserId: '1',
+			expiresAt: null,
+			maxUses: null,
+			approvalRequired: false,
+		});
+
+		const attempts = await Promise.all(Array.from({length: 5}, (_, index) => register(`uncapped${index}`, code)));
+
+		expect(attempts.map((attempt) => attempt.response.status)).toEqual(Array(5).fill(HTTP_STATUS.OK));
+		const stored = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id);
+		expect(stored?.use_count).toBe(5);
+	});
+
+	it('gives the seat and the pending entry back when the signup failed before the account was created', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const {code, registrationUrl} = await repository.createRegistrationUrl({
+			label: 'Single use',
+			createdByUserId: '1',
+			expiresAt: null,
+			maxUses: 1,
+			approvalRequired: true,
+		});
+		failAfterThePendingApprovalIsStored();
+
+		const failed = await register('seatreleased', code);
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		const withdrawn = await readAdminConfig();
+		expect(withdrawn.registration.pending_registrations).toEqual([]);
+		expect(withdrawn.registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id)?.use_count).toBe(0);
+
+		const retried = await register('seatreleasedretry', code);
+
+		expect(retried.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.OK);
+		const stored = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id);
+		expect(stored).toMatchObject({use_count: 1, last_used_by_user_id: retried.json.user_id});
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the seat when the account create itself failed, because the row may still have landed', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const {code, registrationUrl} = await repository.createRegistrationUrl({
+			label: 'Single use',
+			createdByUserId: '1',
+			expiresAt: null,
+			maxUses: 1,
+			approvalRequired: false,
+		});
+		vi.spyOn(UserRepository.prototype, 'create').mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('the user row write failed'));
+
+		const failed = await register('seatkeptoncreate', code);
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		const second = await register('seatkeptcreate2', code);
+
+		expect(second.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST);
+		expect(second.json.code).toBe(APIErrorCodes.REGISTRATION_URL_INVALID);
+		const stored = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id);
+		expect(stored?.use_count).toBe(1);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the seat of an account whose row was written before its creation failed', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const {code, registrationUrl} = await repository.createRegistrationUrl({
+			label: 'Single use',
+			createdByUserId: '1',
+			expiresAt: null,
+			maxUses: 1,
+			approvalRequired: false,
+		});
+		failCreateAfterTheUserRowIsWritten();
+
+		const failed = await register('seatkept', code);
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		const second = await register('seatkeptsecond', code);
+
+		expect(second.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST);
+		expect(second.json.code).toBe(APIErrorCodes.REGISTRATION_URL_INVALID);
+		const stored = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === registrationUrl.id);
+		expect(stored?.use_count).toBe(1);
+	});
+
+	it('honours the use count and cap already stored on a registration URL', async () => {
+		const repository = getInstanceConfigRepository();
+		await repository.setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'closed', admin_registration_urls_enabled: true});
+		const id = 'b3c4f0b2-8a6e-4c41-9f55-3f0c2a7d1e90';
+		await repository.setConfig(
+			REGISTRATION_URLS_KEY,
+			JSON.stringify([
+				{
+					id,
+					label: 'Issued earlier',
+					code_hash: createHash('sha256').update(id).digest('hex'),
+					created_by_user_id: '1400000000000000001',
+					created_at: '2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z',
+					expires_at: null,
+					max_uses: 2,
+					use_count: 1,
+					revoked_at: null,
+					approval_required: false,
+					last_used_at: '2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z',
+					last_used_by_user_id: '1400000000000000002',
+				},
+			]),
+		);
+
+		const before = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === id);
+		expect(before).toMatchObject({use_count: 1, max_uses: 2, last_used_by_user_id: '1400000000000000002'});
+
+		const first = await register('storedinvite', id);
+		expect(first.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.OK);
+		const second = await register('storedinviteagain', id);
+		expect(second.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST);
+		expect(second.json.code).toBe(APIErrorCodes.REGISTRATION_URL_INVALID);
+
+		const after = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.urls.find((url) => url.id === id);
+		expect(after).toMatchObject({use_count: 2, max_uses: 2, last_used_by_user_id: first.json.user_id});
+	});
+
+	it('keeps every pending approval when approval-mode signups race', async () => {
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+
+		const attempts = await Promise.all(Array.from({length: 5}, (_, index) => register(`pending${index}`)));
+
+		expect(attempts.map((attempt) => attempt.json.registration_pending_approval)).toEqual(Array(5).fill(true));
+		const pending = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations.map((entry) => entry.user_id);
+		expect(pending.toSorted()).toEqual(attempts.map((attempt) => attempt.json.user_id).toSorted());
+	});
+
+	it('lists an approval-mode account whose signup failed after the account was created', async () => {
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		vi.spyOn(UserRepository.prototype, 'createAuthorizedIp').mockRejectedValueOnce(
+			new Error('the authorized IP write failed'),
+		);
+
+		const failed = await register('pendingstranded');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		await expectOnePendingAccount();
+	});
+
+	it('lists an approval-mode account whose row was written before its creation failed', async () => {
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		failCreateAfterTheUserRowIsWritten();
+
+		const failed = await register('pendingrowwritten');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		await expectOnePendingAccount();
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the pending approval of an approval-mode signup whose account create failed', async () => {
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		vi.spyOn(UserRepository.prototype, 'create').mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('the user row write failed'));
+
+		const failed = await register('pendingkept');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		expect((await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations).toHaveLength(1);
+	});
+
+	it('lists no pending approval for an approval-mode signup that failed before the account was created', async () => {
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		failAfterThePendingApprovalIsStored();
+
+		const failed = await register('pendingnever');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		expect((await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations).toEqual([]);
+	});
+
+	it('lists an SSO account provisioned in approval mode whose provisioning failed after the account was created', async () => {
+		await enableSso(harness, admin.token, {enforced: false});
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		vi.spyOn(UserRepository.prototype, 'upsertSettings').mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('the settings write failed'));
+
+		const failed = await completeSso('ssopendingstranded');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		await expectOnePendingAccount();
+	});
+
+	it('lists an SSO account provisioned in approval mode whose row was written before its creation failed', async () => {
+		await enableSso(harness, admin.token, {enforced: false});
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		failCreateAfterTheUserRowIsWritten();
+
+		const failed = await completeSso('ssopendingrowwritten');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		await expectOnePendingAccount();
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the pending approval of an SSO signup in approval mode whose account create failed', async () => {
+		await enableSso(harness, admin.token, {enforced: false});
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		vi.spyOn(UserRepository.prototype, 'create').mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('the user row write failed'));
+
+		const failed = await completeSso('ssopendingkept');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		expect((await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations).toHaveLength(1);
+	});
+
+	it('lists no pending approval for an SSO signup in approval mode that failed before the account was created', async () => {
+		await enableSso(harness, admin.token, {enforced: false});
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		failAfterThePendingApprovalIsStored();
+
+		const failed = await completeSso('ssopendingnever');
+
+		expect(failed.response.status).toBe(HTTP_STATUS.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+		expect((await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations).toEqual([]);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps a stored pending approval listed until an admin decides it', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setConfig(
+			REGISTRATION_PENDING_APPROVALS_KEY,
+			JSON.stringify([
+				{
+					user_id: account.userId,
+					username: 'stored_pending',
+					discriminator: 1,
+					global_name: null,
+					email: account.email,
+					requested_at: '2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z',
+					registration_url_id: null,
+					client_ip: '127.0.0.1',
+				},
+			]),
+		);
+		await getInstanceConfigRepository().setRegistrationConfig({mode: 'approval'});
+		const fresh = await register('pendingafter');
+
+		const listed = (await readAdminConfig()).registration.pending_registrations.map((entry) => entry.user_id);
+		expect(listed.toSorted()).toEqual([account.userId, fresh.json.user_id].toSorted());
+
+		const decided = await createBuilder<InstanceConfigResponse>(harness, admin.token)
+			.patch(`/admin/instance/pending-registrations/${account.userId}`)
+			.body({status: 'approved'})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+			.execute();
+
+		expect(decided.registration.pending_registrations.map((entry) => entry.user_id)).toEqual([fresh.json.user_id]);
+		expect(
+			JSON.parse(
+				(await getInstanceConfigRepository().getConfig(REGISTRATION_PENDING_APPROVALS_KEY)) ?? 'null',
+			) as Array<{user_id: string}>,
+		).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({user_id: fresh.json.user_id})]);
+	});
+});
@@ -4,13 +4,25 @@ import {
 	clearTestEmails,
 	createAuthHarness,
 	createTestAccount,
+	createUniqueEmail,
 	findLastTestEmail,
+	type LoginSuccessResponse,
 	listTestEmails,
+	type TestAccount,
 	type TestEmailRecord,
 	totpCodeNow,
+	unclaimAccount,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createAuthenticationResponse,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
 import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
 import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
 import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';

 interface MfaRequiredResponse {
@@ -19,6 +31,7 @@ interface MfaRequiredResponse {
 	allowed_methods: Array<string>;
 	totp: boolean;
 	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
 }

 async function waitForEmail(harness: ApiTestHarness, type: string, recipient: string): Promise<TestEmailRecord> {
@@ -34,6 +47,34 @@ async function waitForEmail(harness: ApiTestHarness, type: string, recipient: st
 	throw new Error(`Email not found: type=${type}, recipient=${recipient}`);
 }

+async function claimEmailWithoutPassword(harness: ApiTestHarness, account: TestAccount): Promise<TestAccount> {
+	await unclaimAccount(harness, account.userId);
+	const start = await createBuilder<{ticket: string; original_proof?: string}>(harness, account.token)
+		.post('/users/@me/email-change/start')
+		.body({})
+		.execute();
+	const email = createUniqueEmail('passwordless-reset');
+	await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+		.post('/users/@me/email-change/request-new')
+		.body({ticket: start.ticket, new_email: email, original_proof: start.original_proof})
+		.execute();
+	const newEmail = await waitForEmail(harness, 'email_change_new', email);
+	const verify = await createBuilder<{email_token: string}>(harness, account.token)
+		.post('/users/@me/email-change/verify-new')
+		.body({ticket: start.ticket, code: newEmail.metadata['code'], original_proof: start.original_proof})
+		.execute();
+	await createBuilder(harness, account.token).patch('/users/@me').body({email_token: verify.email_token}).execute();
+	return {...account, email};
+}
+
+async function requestPasswordReset(harness: ApiTestHarness, email: string): Promise<string> {
+	await clearTestEmails(harness);
+	await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness).post('/auth/forgot').body({email}).expect(204).execute();
+	const mail = await waitForEmail(harness, 'password_reset', email);
+	const token = mail.metadata['token'];
+	expect(token).toBeDefined();
+	return token!;
+}
 describe('Auth reset password requires MFA', () => {
 	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
 	beforeAll(async () => {
@@ -66,7 +107,8 @@ describe('Auth reset password requires MFA', () => {
 		expect(resetResp.ticket).toBeDefined();
 		expect(resetResp.totp).toBe(true);
 		expect(resetResp.webauthn).toBe(false);
-		expect(resetResp.allowed_methods).toEqual(['totp']);
+		expect(resetResp.backup_codes).toBe(true);
+		expect(resetResp.allowed_methods).toEqual(['totp', 'backup_codes']);
 		const mfaResp = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
 			token: string;
 		}>(harness)
@@ -86,4 +128,112 @@ describe('Auth reset password requires MFA', () => {
 		expect(login.totp).toBe(true);
 		expect(login.webauthn).toBe(false);
 	});
+	it('returns a session after password reset for a passkey user who left two-factor off', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await clearTestEmails(harness);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness).post('/auth/forgot').body({email: account.email}).expect(204).execute();
+		const email = await waitForEmail(harness, 'password_reset', account.email);
+		const token = email.metadata['token'];
+		expect(token).toBeDefined();
+		const resetResp = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginSuccessResponse | MfaRequiredResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/reset')
+			.body({token, password: 'new-strong-password-123'})
+			.execute();
+		expect('mfa' in resetResp).toBe(false);
+		expect((resetResp as LoginSuccessResponse).token).toBeTruthy();
+	});
+	it('returns an MFA ticket after password reset for a passkey user who turned two-factor on', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		await clearTestEmails(harness);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness).post('/auth/forgot').body({email: account.email}).expect(204).execute();
+		const email = await waitForEmail(harness, 'password_reset', account.email);
+		const token = email.metadata['token'];
+		expect(token).toBeDefined();
+		const resetResp = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<MfaRequiredResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/reset')
+			.body({token, password: 'new-strong-password-123'})
+			.execute();
+		expect(resetResp.mfa).toBe(true);
+		expect(resetResp.totp).toBe(false);
+		expect(resetResp.webauthn).toBe(true);
+		expect(resetResp.allowed_methods).toContain('webauthn');
+		const mfaOptions = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body({ticket: resetResp.ticket})
+			.execute();
+		if (mfaOptions.rpId) {
+			device.rpId = mfaOptions.rpId;
+		}
+		const mfaResp = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
+			token: string;
+		}>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/webauthn')
+			.body({
+				response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, mfaOptions),
+				challenge: mfaOptions.challenge,
+				ticket: resetResp.ticket,
+			})
+			.execute();
+		expect(mfaResp.token).toBeDefined();
+	});
+	it('returns an MFA ticket after password reset for an account with no password that holds a passkey', async () => {
+		const base = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const account = await claimEmailWithoutPassword(harness, base);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({}));
+		const token = await requestPasswordReset(harness, account.email);
+		const resetResp = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<MfaRequiredResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/reset')
+			.body({token, password: 'new-strong-password-123'})
+			.execute();
+		expect(resetResp.mfa).toBe(true);
+		expect(resetResp.totp).toBe(false);
+		expect(resetResp.webauthn).toBe(true);
+		expect(resetResp.allowed_methods).toContain('webauthn');
+		const mfaOptions = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body({ticket: resetResp.ticket})
+			.execute();
+		if (mfaOptions.rpId) {
+			device.rpId = mfaOptions.rpId;
+		}
+		const mfaResp = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginSuccessResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/webauthn')
+			.body({
+				response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, mfaOptions),
+				challenge: mfaOptions.challenge,
+				ticket: resetResp.ticket,
+			})
+			.execute();
+		expect(mfaResp.token).toBeTruthy();
+		const me = await createBuilder<{id: string; authenticator_types: Array<number>}>(harness, mfaResp.token)
+			.get('/users/@me')
+			.execute();
+		expect(me.id).toBe(account.userId);
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+	});
+	it('keeps demanding the passkey on a second password reset for an account that started with no password', async () => {
+		const base = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const account = await claimEmailWithoutPassword(harness, base);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({}));
+		const firstToken = await requestPasswordReset(harness, account.email);
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth<MfaRequiredResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/reset')
+			.body({token: firstToken, password: 'new-strong-password-123'})
+			.execute();
+		const secondToken = await requestPasswordReset(harness, account.email);
+		const secondReset = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<MfaRequiredResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/reset')
+			.body({token: secondToken, password: 'another-strong-password-456'})
+			.execute();
+		expect(secondReset.mfa).toBe(true);
+		expect(secondReset.webauthn).toBe(true);
+		expect(secondReset.allowed_methods).toContain('webauthn');
+	});
 });
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createAuthHarness, createTestAccount, unclaimAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createSudoWebAuthnBody,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+interface SudoMfaMethodsResponse {
+	totp: boolean;
+	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
+	has_mfa: boolean;
+}
+
+describe('Sudo mode for passwordless accounts holding a passkey', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+	it('still waves through a passwordless account that holds no credential at all', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await unclaimAccount(harness, account.userId);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/disable')
+			.body({})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+	});
+	it('challenges a passwordless account that holds a passkey it never made a second factor', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await unclaimAccount(harness, account.userId);
+		const methods = await createBuilder<SudoMfaMethodsResponse>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/sudo/mfa-methods')
+			.execute();
+		expect(methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: true, backup_codes: false, has_mfa: true});
+		const errorResp = await createBuilder<{
+			code: string;
+		}>(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/disable')
+			.body({})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
+			.execute();
+		expect(errorResp.code).toBe('SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED');
+	});
+	it('lets the passwordless passkey holder clear the challenge with an assertion', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await unclaimAccount(harness, account.userId);
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/disable')
+			.body(sudoBody)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+	});
+});
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later

-import {userHasMfa} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoMethods';
+import {userHasMfa, userHasSudoCapability} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoMethods';
 import {hasNoVerifiableCredential} from '@app/api/auth/services/SudoVerificationService';
 import {createUserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
 import {EMPTY_USER_ROW, type UserRow} from '@app/api/database/types/UserTypes';
@@ -25,17 +25,17 @@ describe('sudo verification credential capability', () => {
 	it('lets an SSO provisioned account without a password satisfy sudo mode', () => {
 		const user = createUser({password_hash: null, traits: new Set<string>(['sso'])});
 		expect(user.isUnclaimedAccount()).toBe(false);
-		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user))).toBe(true);
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), false)).toBe(true);
 	});

 	it('still lets an unclaimed account satisfy sudo mode', () => {
 		const user = createUser({password_hash: null});
-		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user))).toBe(true);
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), false)).toBe(true);
 	});

 	it('still requires a password from accounts that have one', () => {
 		const user = createUser({password_hash: 'hash', traits: new Set<string>(['sso'])});
-		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user))).toBe(false);
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), false)).toBe(false);
 	});

 	it('still requires MFA from an SSO account that enrolled a second factor', () => {
@@ -45,11 +45,36 @@ describe('sudo verification credential capability', () => {
 			authenticator_types: new Set<number>([UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP]),
 		});
 		expect(userHasMfa(user)).toBe(true);
-		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user))).toBe(false);
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), false)).toBe(false);
 	});

 	it('never applies to bots', () => {
 		const user = createUser({password_hash: null, bot: true});
-		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user))).toBe(false);
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), false)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it('still requires MFA from a passwordless account holding a passkey it never made a second factor', () => {
+		const user = createUser({password_hash: null, traits: new Set<string>(['sso'])});
+		expect(userHasMfa(user)).toBe(false);
+		expect(userHasSudoCapability(user, true)).toBe(true);
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), true)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it('still requires MFA from an unclaimed account holding a passkey', () => {
+		const user = createUser({password_hash: null});
+		expect(hasNoVerifiableCredential(user, userHasMfa(user), true)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it('reports no sudo capability for an account with a TOTP secret that was never enrolled', () => {
+		const user = createUser({totp_secret: 'JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP'});
+		expect(userHasSudoCapability(user, false)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it('reports sudo capability from an enrolled TOTP secret without any passkey', () => {
+		const user = createUser({
+			totp_secret: 'JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP',
+			authenticator_types: new Set<number>([UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP]),
+		});
+		expect(userHasSudoCapability(user, false)).toBe(true);
 	});
 });
@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@ import {
 	createTotpSecret,
 	createWebAuthnDevice,
 	generateTotpCode,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
 	type WebAuthnCredentialMetadata,
 	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
 import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
 import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
 import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';

 describe('WebAuthn credential registration', () => {
@@ -64,4 +66,23 @@ describe('WebAuthn credential registration', () => {
 		expect(credentials[0].name).toBe('Test Passkey');
 		expect(credentials[0].id).toBe(device.credentialId.toString('base64url'));
 	});
+	it('does not turn passkeys into a second factor when a credential is registered', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		const me = await createBuilder<{
+			authenticator_types: Array<number>;
+		}>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me')
+			.execute();
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.TOTP]);
+	});
 });
@@ -1,54 +1,65 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later

-import {createTestAccount, createTotpSecret, generateTotpCode} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
 import {
-	createAuthenticationResponse,
-	createRegistrationResponse,
+	createTestAccount,
+	createTotpSecret,
+	generateTotpCode,
+	type LoginMfaResponse,
+	type LoginSuccessResponse,
+	type TestAccount,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createSudoWebAuthnBody,
 	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	loginWithDiscoverablePasskey,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+	type WebAuthnDevice,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
 import {type ApiTestHarness, createApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
 import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
 import {beforeEach, describe, expect, test} from 'vitest';

-interface BackupCodesResponse {
-	backup_codes: Array<{
-		code: string;
-	}>;
-}
-
-interface LoginMfaResponse {
-	mfa: true;
-	ticket: string;
-	totp: boolean;
-	webauthn: boolean;
-}
-
-interface WebAuthnRegistrationOptions {
-	challenge: string;
-	rp: {
-		id: string;
-		name: string;
-	};
-	user: {
-		id: string;
-		name: string;
-		displayName: string;
-	};
-	authenticatorSelection?: {
-		residentKey?: string;
-		requireResidentKey?: boolean;
-		userVerification?: string;
-	};
-}
-
-interface WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions {
-	challenge: string;
-	rpId: string;
-	allowCredentials?: Array<{
-		id: string;
-		type: string;
-	}>;
-	userVerification: string;
+async function setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	twoFactorEnabled: boolean,
+): Promise<{
+	account: TestAccount;
+	device: WebAuthnDevice;
+}> {
+	const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+	const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+	const secret = createTotpSecret();
+	await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+		.body({
+			secret,
+			code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+			password: account.password,
+		})
+		.execute();
+	await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+		mfa_method: 'totp',
+		mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+	}));
+	if (twoFactorEnabled) {
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+	}
+	await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
+		.body({
+			code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		})
+		.expect(204)
+		.execute();
+	const token = await loginWithDiscoverablePasskey(harness, device);
+	return {account: {...account, token}, device};
 }

 describe('WebAuthn MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
@@ -56,84 +67,8 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 	beforeEach(async () => {
 		harness = await createApiTestHarness();
 	});
-	test('WebAuthn-only user cannot use password for sudo - password rejected with 403', async () => {
-		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
-		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
-		const secret = createTotpSecret();
-		const backupCodes = await createBuilder<BackupCodesResponse>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
-			.body({
-				secret,
-				code: generateTotpCode(secret),
-				password: account.password,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		const login = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginMfaResponse>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/login')
-			.body({
-				email: account.email,
-				password: account.password,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		expect(login.mfa).toBe(true);
-		const mfaLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
-			token: string;
-		}>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/login/mfa/totp')
-			.body({
-				code: backupCodes.backup_codes[0]!.code,
-				ticket: login.ticket,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		account.token = mfaLogin.token;
-		const registrationOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
-			.body({
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[1]!.code,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		expect(registrationOptions.authenticatorSelection).toMatchObject({
-			residentKey: 'preferred',
-			requireResidentKey: false,
-			userVerification: 'preferred',
-		});
-		const registrationResponse = createRegistrationResponse(device, registrationOptions, 'Test Passkey');
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.body({
-				response: registrationResponse,
-				challenge: registrationOptions.challenge,
-				name: 'Test Passkey',
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[2]!.code,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
-			.body({
-				code: backupCodes.backup_codes[3]!.code,
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[4]!.code,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		const discoverableOptions = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/webauthn/authentication-options')
-			.body(null)
-			.execute();
-		const discoverableAssertion = createAuthenticationResponse(device, discoverableOptions);
-		const passkeyLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
-			token: string;
-		}>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
-			.body({
-				response: discoverableAssertion,
-				challenge: discoverableOptions.challenge,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		account.token = passkeyLogin.token;
+	test('passkey user with two-factor on cannot use password for sudo - password rejected with 403', async () => {
+		const {account} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, true);
 		const {json: errorResp} = await createBuilder<{
 			code: string;
 		}>(harness, account.token)
@@ -145,18 +80,34 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 			.executeWithResponse();
 		expect(errorResp.code).toBe('SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED');
 	});
-	test('WebAuthn-only user can use WebAuthn for sudo verification', async () => {
-		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
-		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
-		const secret = createTotpSecret();
-		const backupCodes = await createBuilder<BackupCodesResponse>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+	test('passkey user with two-factor off can still use password for sudo', async () => {
+		const {account} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, false);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/disable')
 			.body({
-				secret,
-				code: generateTotpCode(secret),
 				password: account.password,
 			})
+			.expect(204)
 			.execute();
+	});
+	test('passkey user with two-factor on can use WebAuthn for sudo verification', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, true);
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		const {response: disableResp} = await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/disable')
+			.body(sudoBody)
+			.expect(204)
+			.executeWithResponse();
+		const sudoToken = disableResp.headers.get('x-sudo-mode-token');
+		expect(sudoToken).toBeNull();
+	});
+	test('passkey user with two-factor off can use WebAuthn for sudo verification', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, false);
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token).post('/users/@me/disable').body(sudoBody).expect(204).execute();
+	});
+	test('passkey user with two-factor on requires MFA when logging in with password', async () => {
+		const {account} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, true);
 		const login = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginMfaResponse>(harness)
 			.post('/auth/login')
 			.body({
@@ -165,144 +116,35 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA Consistency Tests', () => {
 			})
 			.execute();
 		expect(login.mfa).toBe(true);
-		const mfaLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
-			token: string;
-		}>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/login/mfa/totp')
+		expect(login.ticket).toBeTruthy();
+		expect(login.webauthn).toBe(true);
+	});
+	test('passkey user with two-factor off logs in with password and receives a session token', async () => {
+		const {account} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, false);
+		const login = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginSuccessResponse | LoginMfaResponse>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login')
 			.body({
-				code: backupCodes.backup_codes[0]!.code,
-				ticket: login.ticket,
+				email: account.email,
+				password: account.password,
 			})
 			.execute();
-		account.token = mfaLogin.token;
-		const registrationOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
-			.body({
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[1]!.code,
-			})
+		expect('mfa' in login).toBe(false);
+		expect((login as LoginSuccessResponse).token).toBeTruthy();
+		const userInfo = await createBuilder<{
+			id: string;
+		}>(harness, (login as LoginSuccessResponse).token)
+			.get('/users/@me')
 			.execute();
-		const registrationResponse = createRegistrationResponse(device, registrationOptions, 'Test Passkey');
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.body({
-				response: registrationResponse,
-				challenge: registrationOptions.challenge,
-				name: 'Test Passkey',
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[2]!.code,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
-			.body({
-				code: backupCodes.backup_codes[3]!.code,
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[4]!.code,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		const discoverableOptions = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/webauthn/authentication-options')
-			.body(null)
-			.execute();
-		const discoverableAssertion = createAuthenticationResponse(device, discoverableOptions);
-		const passkeyLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
-			token: string;
-		}>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
-			.body({
-				response: discoverableAssertion,
-				challenge: discoverableOptions.challenge,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		account.token = passkeyLogin.token;
+		expect(userInfo.id).toBe(account.userId);
+	});
+	test('sudo WebAuthn options stay available to a passkey user with two-factor off', async () => {
+		const {account, device} = await setupPasskeyOnlyAccount(harness, false);
 		const sudoOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness, account.token)
 			.post('/users/@me/sudo/webauthn/authentication-options')
 			.body(null)
 			.execute();
 		expect(sudoOptions.userVerification).toBe('discouraged');
-		const sudoAssertion = createAuthenticationResponse(device, sudoOptions);
-		const {response: disableResp2} = await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/disable')
-			.body({
-				mfa_method: 'webauthn',
-				webauthn_response: sudoAssertion,
-				webauthn_challenge: sudoOptions.challenge,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.executeWithResponse();
-		const sudoToken = disableResp2.headers.get('x-sudo-mode-token');
-		expect(sudoToken).toBeNull();
-	});
-	test('WebAuthn-only user requires MFA when logging in with password', async () => {
-		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
-		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
-		const secret = createTotpSecret();
-		const backupCodes = await createBuilder<BackupCodesResponse>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
-			.body({
-				secret,
-				code: generateTotpCode(secret),
-				password: account.password,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		const login = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginMfaResponse>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/login')
-			.body({
-				email: account.email,
-				password: account.password,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		expect(login.mfa).toBe(true);
-		const mfaLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
-			token: string;
-		}>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/login/mfa/totp')
-			.body({
-				code: backupCodes.backup_codes[0]!.code,
-				ticket: login.ticket,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		account.token = mfaLogin.token;
-		const registrationOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
-			.body({
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[1]!.code,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		const registrationResponse = createRegistrationResponse(device, registrationOptions, 'Test Passkey');
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.body({
-				response: registrationResponse,
-				challenge: registrationOptions.challenge,
-				name: 'Test Passkey',
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[2]!.code,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
-			.body({
-				code: backupCodes.backup_codes[3]!.code,
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: backupCodes.backup_codes[4]!.code,
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
-		const login2 = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<LoginMfaResponse>(harness)
-			.post('/auth/login')
-			.body({
-				email: account.email,
-				password: account.password,
-			})
-			.execute();
-		expect(login2.mfa).toBe(true);
-		expect(login2.ticket).toBeTruthy();
-		expect(login2.webauthn).toBe(true);
+		expect(sudoOptions.allowCredentials?.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+		expect(device.credentialId.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
 	});
 });
@@ -4,16 +4,17 @@ import {
 	createAuthHarness,
 	createTestAccount,
 	type LoginMfaResponse,
+	type LoginSuccessResponse,
 	loginUser,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
 import {
 	createAuthenticationResponse,
-	createRegistrationResponse,
 	createTotpSecret,
 	createWebAuthnDevice,
 	generateTotpCode,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
 	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
-	type WebAuthnRegistrationOptions,
 } from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
 import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
 import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA login', () => {
 	afterAll(async () => {
 		await harness?.shutdown();
 	});
-	it('validates the WebAuthn MFA login flow', async () => {
+	it('validates the WebAuthn MFA login flow when passkey two-factor is turned on', async () => {
 		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
 		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
 		const secret = createTotpSecret();
@@ -38,25 +39,17 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA login', () => {
 			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
 			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
 			.execute();
-		const regOptions = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
-			.body({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)})
-			.execute();
-		if (regOptions.rp.id) {
-			device.rpId = regOptions.rp.id;
-		}
-		const registrationResponse = createRegistrationResponse(device, regOptions, 'MFA Passkey');
-		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
-			.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
-			.body({
-				response: registrationResponse,
-				challenge: regOptions.challenge,
-				name: 'MFA Passkey',
-				mfa_method: 'totp',
-				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
-			})
-			.expect(204)
-			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(
+			harness,
+			account.token,
+			device,
+			() => ({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)}),
+			'MFA Passkey',
+		);
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
 		const loginResp = await loginUser(harness, {email: account.email, password: account.password});
 		expect('mfa' in loginResp && loginResp.mfa).toBe(true);
 		const loginMfaResp = loginResp as LoginMfaResponse;
@@ -83,7 +76,7 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA login', () => {
 			.body({
 				response: mfaAssertion,
 				challenge: mfaOptions.challenge,
-				ticket: (loginResp as LoginMfaResponse).ticket,
+				ticket: loginMfaResp.ticket,
 			})
 			.execute();
 		expect(webauthnMfaLogin.token).toBeTruthy();
@@ -94,4 +87,39 @@ describe('WebAuthn MFA login', () => {
 			.execute();
 		expect(userInfo.id).toBe(account.userId);
 	});
+	it('issues a session token instead of an MFA ticket when passkey two-factor is left off', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(
+			harness,
+			account.token,
+			device,
+			() => ({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret)}),
+			'MFA Passkey',
+		);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
+			.body({
+				code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+				mfa_method: 'totp',
+				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+			})
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const loginResp = await loginUser(harness, {email: account.email, password: account.password});
+		expect('mfa' in loginResp).toBe(false);
+		const loginSuccessResp = loginResp as LoginSuccessResponse;
+		expect(loginSuccessResp.token).toBeTruthy();
+		const userInfo = await createBuilder<{
+			id: string;
+		}>(harness, loginSuccessResp.token)
+			.get('/users/@me')
+			.execute();
+		expect(userInfo.id).toBe(account.userId);
+	});
 });
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {
+	createAuthHarness,
+	createTestAccount,
+	createTotpSecret,
+	generateTotpCode,
+	type LoginMfaResponse,
+	type LoginSuccessResponse,
+	loginUser,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createAuthenticationResponse,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	loginWithDiscoverablePasskey,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	type WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+describe('WebAuthn opt-in login', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+	it('does not offer webauthn at login to a TOTP user whose passkey is opted out', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		const login = (await loginUser(harness, {
+			email: account.email,
+			password: account.password,
+		})) as LoginMfaResponse;
+		expect(login.mfa).toBe(true);
+		expect(login.totp).toBe(true);
+		expect(login.webauthn).toBe(false);
+		expect(login.allowed_methods).not.toContain('webauthn');
+		expect(login.allowed_methods).toContain('totp');
+	});
+	it('rejects the WebAuthn MFA login route for a user who never turned passkey two-factor on', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		const login = (await loginUser(harness, {
+			email: account.email,
+			password: account.password,
+		})) as LoginMfaResponse;
+		const mfaOptions = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/webauthn/authentication-options')
+			.body({ticket: login.ticket})
+			.execute();
+		if (mfaOptions.rpId) {
+			device.rpId = mfaOptions.rpId;
+		}
+		await createBuilderWithoutAuth(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/webauthn')
+			.body({
+				response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, mfaOptions),
+				challenge: mfaOptions.challenge,
+				ticket: login.ticket,
+			})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, 'TWO_FACTOR_REQUIRED')
+			.execute();
+		const totpLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
+			token: string;
+		}>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/totp')
+			.body({ticket: login.ticket, code: generateTotpCode(secret)})
+			.execute();
+		expect(totpLogin.token).toBeTruthy();
+	});
+	it('completes the passwordless journey for an account that never enrolled TOTP or the toggle', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		const me = await createBuilder<{
+			authenticator_types: Array<number>;
+			mfa_enabled: boolean;
+		}>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me')
+			.execute();
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+		expect(me.mfa_enabled).toBe(false);
+		const passwordLogin = await loginUser(harness, {email: account.email, password: account.password});
+		expect('mfa' in passwordLogin).toBe(false);
+		expect((passwordLogin as LoginSuccessResponse).token).toBeTruthy();
+		const passkeyToken = await loginWithDiscoverablePasskey(harness, device);
+		expect(passkeyToken).toBeTruthy();
+		const passkeyMe = await createBuilder<{
+			id: string;
+			authenticator_types: Array<number>;
+		}>(harness, passkeyToken)
+			.get('/users/@me')
+			.execute();
+		expect(passkeyMe.id).toBe(account.userId);
+		expect(passkeyMe.authenticator_types).not.toContain(UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN);
+	});
+});
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import {
 	generateKeyPairSync,
 	randomBytes,
 } from 'node:crypto';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
 import {decode as base32Decode, encode as base32Encode} from 'hi-base32';

 export interface WebAuthnDevice {
@@ -54,6 +56,22 @@ export interface WebAuthnCredentialMetadata {
 	name: string;
 }

+export type SudoVerificationBody = Record<string, unknown>;
+
+export type SudoVerificationBodyFactory = () => SudoVerificationBody;
+
+export interface WebAuthnTwoFactorResult {
+	user: {
+		id: string;
+		mfa_enabled: boolean;
+		authenticator_types: Array<number>;
+	};
+	backup_codes: Array<{
+		code: string;
+		consumed: boolean;
+	}> | null;
+}
+
 interface AuthenticatorAttestationResponse {
 	clientDataJSON: string;
 	attestationObject: string;
@@ -415,3 +433,80 @@ export function createAuthenticationResponseWithoutUV(
 		},
 	};
 }
+
+export async function registerWebAuthnCredential(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	token: string,
+	device: WebAuthnDevice,
+	createSudoBody: SudoVerificationBodyFactory,
+	name = 'Test Passkey',
+): Promise<void> {
+	const options = await createBuilder<WebAuthnRegistrationOptions>(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/registration-options')
+		.body(createSudoBody())
+		.execute();
+	if (options.rp.id) {
+		device.rpId = options.rp.id;
+	}
+	await createBuilder(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+		.body({
+			response: createRegistrationResponse(device, options, name),
+			challenge: options.challenge,
+			name,
+			...createSudoBody(),
+		})
+		.expect(204)
+		.execute();
+}
+
+export async function createSudoWebAuthnBody(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	token: string,
+	device: WebAuthnDevice,
+): Promise<SudoVerificationBody> {
+	const options = await createBuilder<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/sudo/webauthn/authentication-options')
+		.body(null)
+		.execute();
+	if (options.rpId) {
+		device.rpId = options.rpId;
+	}
+	return {
+		mfa_method: 'webauthn',
+		webauthn_response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options),
+		webauthn_challenge: options.challenge,
+	};
+}
+
+export async function setWebAuthnTwoFactor(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	token: string,
+	enabled: boolean,
+	sudo: SudoVerificationBody,
+): Promise<WebAuthnTwoFactorResult> {
+	return createBuilder<WebAuthnTwoFactorResult>(harness, token)
+		.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+		.body({enabled, ...sudo})
+		.execute();
+}
+
+export async function loginWithDiscoverablePasskey(harness: ApiTestHarness, device: WebAuthnDevice): Promise<string> {
+	const options = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<WebAuthnAuthenticationOptions>(harness)
+		.post('/auth/webauthn/authentication-options')
+		.body(null)
+		.execute();
+	if (options.rpId) {
+		device.rpId = options.rpId;
+	}
+	const login = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
+		token: string;
+	}>(harness)
+		.post('/auth/webauthn/authenticate')
+		.body({
+			response: createAuthenticationResponse(device, options),
+			challenge: options.challenge,
+		})
+		.execute();
+	return login.token;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {
+	createAuthHarness,
+	createTestAccount,
+	createTotpSecret,
+	generateTotpCode,
+	type LoginMfaResponse,
+	loginUser,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createSudoWebAuthnBody,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	type SudoVerificationBody,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
+	type WebAuthnCredentialMetadata,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {createBuilder, createBuilderWithoutAuth} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+interface BackupCode {
+	code: string;
+	consumed: boolean;
+}
+
+async function readBackupCodes(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+	token: string,
+	sudo: SudoVerificationBody,
+): Promise<Array<BackupCode>> {
+	const response = await createBuilder<{
+		backup_codes: Array<BackupCode>;
+	}>(harness, token)
+		.post('/users/@me/mfa/backup-codes')
+		.body({regenerate: false, ...sudo})
+		.execute();
+	return response.backup_codes;
+}
+
+describe('WebAuthn two-factor backup codes', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+	it('mints backup codes when passkey two-factor is turned on for an account with no TOTP', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		const enabled = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		expect(enabled.backup_codes).not.toBeNull();
+		expect(enabled.backup_codes!.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+		expect(enabled.backup_codes!.every((backupCode) => !backupCode.consumed)).toBe(true);
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		const stored = await readBackupCodes(harness, account.token, sudoBody);
+		expect(stored.map((backupCode) => backupCode.code).sort()).toEqual(
+			enabled.backup_codes!.map((backupCode) => backupCode.code).sort(),
+		);
+	});
+	it('mints nothing when the account already holds backup codes from TOTP', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		const enabled = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		expect(enabled.backup_codes).toBeNull();
+	});
+	it('accepts a minted backup code at login when the passkey is unavailable', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		const enabled = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		const login = (await loginUser(harness, {
+			email: account.email,
+			password: account.password,
+		})) as LoginMfaResponse;
+		expect(login.mfa).toBe(true);
+		expect(login.totp).toBe(false);
+		expect(login.webauthn).toBe(true);
+		expect(login.backup_codes).toBe(true);
+		expect(login.allowed_methods).toContain('backup_codes');
+		const backupLogin = await createBuilderWithoutAuth<{
+			token: string;
+		}>(harness)
+			.post('/auth/login/mfa/totp')
+			.body({ticket: login.ticket, code: enabled.backup_codes![0]!.code})
+			.execute();
+		expect(backupLogin.token).toBeTruthy();
+		const me = await createBuilder<{
+			id: string;
+		}>(harness, backupLogin.token)
+			.get('/users/@me')
+			.execute();
+		expect(me.id).toBe(account.userId);
+	});
+	it('keeps backup codes when TOTP is disabled while passkey two-factor stays on', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
+			.body({
+				code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+				mfa_method: 'totp',
+				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+			})
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		const stored = await readBackupCodes(harness, account.token, sudoBody);
+		expect(stored.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+	});
+	it('keeps backup codes when passkey two-factor is turned off while TOTP stays on', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, false, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		const stored = await readBackupCodes(harness, account.token, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		expect(stored.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+	});
+	it('clears backup codes only once no second factor remains', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		const secret = createTotpSecret();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/enable')
+			.body({secret, code: generateTotpCode(secret), password: account.password})
+			.execute();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, false, {
+			mfa_method: 'totp',
+			mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+		});
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.post('/users/@me/mfa/totp/disable')
+			.body({
+				code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+				mfa_method: 'totp',
+				mfa_code: generateTotpCode(secret),
+			})
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const stored = await readBackupCodes(harness, account.token, {password: account.password});
+		expect(stored).toHaveLength(0);
+	});
+	it('clears backup codes when the last passkey is deleted and nothing else remains', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		const credentials = await createBuilder<Array<WebAuthnCredentialMetadata>>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+			.execute();
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.delete(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentials[0]!.id}`)
+			.body(sudoBody)
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const stored = await readBackupCodes(harness, account.token, {password: account.password});
+		expect(stored).toHaveLength(0);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createAuthHarness, createTestAccount, loginUser, type TestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
+	type WebAuthnDevice,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import {Config} from '@app/api/Config';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
+import {ValidationErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ValidationErrorCodes';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+interface PrivateUserResponse {
+	id: string;
+	mfa_enabled: boolean;
+	authenticator_types: Array<number>;
+}
+
+interface SudoMfaMethodsResponse {
+	totp: boolean;
+	webauthn: boolean;
+	backup_codes: boolean;
+	has_mfa: boolean;
+}
+
+interface SudoModeRequiredResponse {
+	code: string;
+	has_mfa?: boolean;
+	methods?: {
+		totp?: boolean;
+		webauthn?: boolean;
+		backup_codes?: boolean;
+	};
+}
+
+interface ValidationErrorBody {
+	code: string;
+	errors: Array<{path: string; code: string}>;
+}
+
+interface BackupCode {
+	code: string;
+	consumed: boolean;
+}
+
+async function withTotpReplayProtection<T>(run: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+	const previous = Config.dev.testModeEnabled;
+	Config.dev.testModeEnabled = false;
+	try {
+		return await run();
+	} finally {
+		Config.dev.testModeEnabled = previous;
+	}
+}
+
+async function createPasskeyOnlyTwoFactorAccount(
+	harness: ApiTestHarness,
+): Promise<{account: TestAccount; device: WebAuthnDevice; backupCodes: Array<string>}> {
+	const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+	const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+	await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+	const enabled = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+	expect(enabled.user.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+	expect(enabled.backup_codes).not.toBeNull();
+	return {account, device, backupCodes: enabled.backup_codes!.map((backupCode) => backupCode.code)};
+}
+
+async function fetchMe(harness: ApiTestHarness, token: string): Promise<PrivateUserResponse> {
+	return createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+}
+
+describe('Sudo mode recovery for passkey two-factor accounts without TOTP', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+	it('turns passkey two-factor off with a backup code when the passkey cannot be used', async () => {
+		const {account, backupCodes} = await createPasskeyOnlyTwoFactorAccount(harness);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+			.body({enabled: false, password: account.password})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
+			.execute();
+		await withTotpReplayProtection(async () => {
+			const disabled = await createBuilder<{user: PrivateUserResponse}>(harness, account.token)
+				.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+				.body({enabled: false, mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: backupCodes[0]!})
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+				.execute();
+			expect(disabled.user.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+			expect(disabled.user.mfa_enabled).toBe(false);
+		});
+		const me = await fetchMe(harness, account.token);
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+		expect(me.mfa_enabled).toBe(false);
+		const login = await loginUser(harness, {email: account.email, password: account.password});
+		expect('mfa' in login).toBe(false);
+	});
+	it('advertises the backup code option in the sudo methods endpoint and the sudo mode challenge alike', async () => {
+		const {account} = await createPasskeyOnlyTwoFactorAccount(harness);
+		const methods = await createBuilder<SudoMfaMethodsResponse>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/sudo/mfa-methods')
+			.execute();
+		expect(methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: true, backup_codes: true, has_mfa: true});
+		const challenge = await createBuilder<SudoModeRequiredResponse>(harness, account.token)
+			.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+			.body({enabled: false})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
+			.execute();
+		expect(challenge.has_mfa).toBe(methods.has_mfa);
+		expect(challenge.methods).toEqual({
+			totp: methods.totp,
+			webauthn: methods.webauthn,
+			backup_codes: methods.backup_codes,
+		});
+	});
+	it('spends a backup code accepted as a sudo proof and refuses the same code afterwards', async () => {
+		const {account, backupCodes} = await createPasskeyOnlyTwoFactorAccount(harness);
+		const spent = backupCodes[0]!;
+		await withTotpReplayProtection(async () => {
+			const stored = await createBuilder<{backup_codes: Array<BackupCode>}>(harness, account.token)
+				.post('/users/@me/mfa/backup-codes')
+				.body({regenerate: false, mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: spent})
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+				.execute();
+			expect(stored.backup_codes.find((backupCode) => backupCode.code === spent)?.consumed).toBe(true);
+			const error = await createBuilder<ValidationErrorBody>(harness, account.token)
+				.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+				.body({enabled: false, mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: spent})
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, 'INVALID_FORM_BODY')
+				.execute();
+			expect(error.errors[0]?.path).toBe('mfa_code');
+			expect(error.errors[0]?.code).toBe(ValidationErrorCodes.INVALID_MFA_CODE);
+		});
+		const me = await fetchMe(harness, account.token);
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+	});
+	it('rejects a backup code that was never minted and leaves passkey two-factor on', async () => {
+		const {account} = await createPasskeyOnlyTwoFactorAccount(harness);
+		await withTotpReplayProtection(async () => {
+			const error = await createBuilder<ValidationErrorBody>(harness, account.token)
+				.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+				.body({enabled: false, mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: 'aaaa-bbbb'})
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, 'INVALID_FORM_BODY')
+				.execute();
+			expect(error.errors[0]?.path).toBe('mfa_code');
+			expect(error.errors[0]?.code).toBe(ValidationErrorCodes.INVALID_MFA_CODE);
+		});
+		const me = await fetchMe(harness, account.token);
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+	});
+	it('rejects a code-entry sudo proof for a passkey account that holds neither TOTP nor backup codes', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		const methods = await createBuilder<SudoMfaMethodsResponse>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/sudo/mfa-methods')
+			.execute();
+		expect(methods).toEqual({totp: false, webauthn: true, backup_codes: false, has_mfa: true});
+		await withTotpReplayProtection(async () => {
+			const error = await createBuilder<ValidationErrorBody>(harness, account.token)
+				.post('/users/@me/disable')
+				.body({mfa_method: 'totp', mfa_code: 'aaaa-bbbb'})
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, 'INVALID_FORM_BODY')
+				.execute();
+			expect(error.errors[0]?.path).toBe('mfa_code');
+			expect(error.errors[0]?.code).toBe(ValidationErrorCodes.INVALID_MFA_CODE);
+		});
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createAuthHarness, createTestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createSudoWebAuthnBody,
+	createWebAuthnDevice,
+	registerWebAuthnCredential,
+	setWebAuthnTwoFactor,
+	type WebAuthnCredentialMetadata,
+	type WebAuthnTwoFactorResult,
+} from '@app/api/auth/tests/WebAuthnTestUtils';
+import type {ApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {UserAuthenticatorTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/UserConstants';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+interface PrivateUserResponse {
+	id: string;
+	mfa_enabled: boolean;
+	authenticator_types: Array<number>;
+}
+
+describe('WebAuthn two-factor toggle', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createAuthHarness();
+	});
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+	it('reports an empty authenticator types array for an account with no second factor', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const me = await createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, account.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+		expect(me.mfa_enabled).toBe(false);
+	});
+	it('rejects enabling passkey two-factor when the account has no registered credential', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+			.body({enabled: true, password: account.password})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, 'NO_PASSKEYS_REGISTERED')
+			.execute();
+		const me = await createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, account.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+	});
+	it('round trips enabling and disabling passkey two-factor', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		const enabled = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		expect(enabled.user.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+		expect(enabled.user.mfa_enabled).toBe(true);
+		const afterEnable = await createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, account.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(afterEnable.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		const disabled = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, false, sudoBody);
+		expect(disabled.user.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+		expect(disabled.user.mfa_enabled).toBe(false);
+		const afterDisable = await createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, account.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(afterDisable.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+	});
+	it('refuses to disable passkey two-factor without a sudo proof', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+			.body({enabled: false})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
+			.execute();
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+			.body({enabled: false, password: account.password})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, 'SUDO_MODE_REQUIRED')
+			.execute();
+		const me = await createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, account.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+	});
+	it('accepts a passkey assertion as the sudo proof for disabling passkey two-factor', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		const disabled = await createBuilder<WebAuthnTwoFactorResult>(harness, account.token)
+			.put('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/two-factor')
+			.body({enabled: false, ...sudoBody})
+			.execute();
+		expect(disabled.user.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+	});
+	it('leaves the account untouched when the requested state already matches', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		const firstEnable = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		expect(firstEnable.backup_codes).not.toBeNull();
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		const secondEnable = await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, sudoBody);
+		expect(secondEnable.backup_codes).toBeNull();
+		expect(secondEnable.user.authenticator_types).toEqual([UserAuthenticatorTypes.WEBAUTHN]);
+	});
+	it('drops the passkey second factor when the last credential is deleted', async () => {
+		const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const device = createWebAuthnDevice();
+		await registerWebAuthnCredential(harness, account.token, device, () => ({password: account.password}));
+		await setWebAuthnTwoFactor(harness, account.token, true, {password: account.password});
+		const credentials = await createBuilder<Array<WebAuthnCredentialMetadata>>(harness, account.token)
+			.get('/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials')
+			.execute();
+		const sudoBody = await createSudoWebAuthnBody(harness, account.token, device);
+		await createBuilder(harness, account.token)
+			.delete(`/users/@me/mfa/webauthn/credentials/${credentials[0]!.id}`)
+			.body(sudoBody)
+			.expect(204)
+			.execute();
+		const me = await createBuilder<PrivateUserResponse>(harness, account.token).get('/users/@me').execute();
+		expect(me.authenticator_types).toEqual([]);
+		expect(me.mfa_enabled).toBe(false);
+	});
+});
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ function serializeGroupDMChannel(channel: Channel): ChannelResponse {
 	return {
 		...serializeBaseChannelFields(channel),
 		...serializeMessageableFields(channel),
-		name: channel.name ?? undefined,
+		name: channel.name ?? null,
 		icon: channel.iconHash ?? null,
 		owner_id: channel.ownerId ? channel.ownerId.toString() : null,
 		nicks: nicknameMap.size > 0 ? nicks : undefined,
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createChannelID, createUserID, type UserID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
+import type {IChannelRepository} from '@app/api/channel/IChannelRepository';
+import {CallService} from '@app/api/channel/services/CallService';
+import type {IGuildRepositoryAggregate} from '@app/api/guild/repositories/IGuildRepositoryAggregate';
+import type {CallCaller, CallData, IGatewayService} from '@app/api/infrastructure/IGatewayService';
+import type {ISnowflakeService} from '@app/api/infrastructure/ISnowflakeService';
+import type {IVoiceRoomStore} from '@app/api/infrastructure/IVoiceRoomStore';
+import type {UserCacheService} from '@app/api/infrastructure/UserCacheService';
+import type {RequestCache} from '@app/api/middleware/RequestCacheMiddleware';
+import type {Channel} from '@app/api/models/Channel';
+import type {User} from '@app/api/models/User';
+import type {ReadStateService} from '@app/api/read_state/ReadStateService';
+import type {IUserRepository} from '@app/api/user/IUserRepository';
+import {ChannelTypes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ChannelConstants';
+import type {UserPartialResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/user/UserResponseSchemas';
+import {beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const CALLER_ID = createUserID(1n);
+const RECIPIENT_ID = createUserID(2n);
+const CHANNEL_ID = createChannelID(12n);
+
+interface CallerOverrides {
+	username?: string;
+	globalName?: string | null;
+	avatar?: string | null;
+	nickname?: string;
+	userRowMissing?: boolean;
+}
+
+interface Harness {
+	service: CallService;
+	created: Array<CallCaller | undefined>;
+	rung: Array<CallCaller | undefined>;
+}
+
+const EXISTING_CALL: CallData = {
+	channel_id: CHANNEL_ID.toString(),
+	message_id: '99',
+	region: 'automatic',
+	ringing: [],
+	recipients: [CALLER_ID.toString(), RECIPIENT_ID.toString()],
+	voice_states: [],
+};
+
+function harness(overrides: CallerOverrides, existingCall: CallData | null): Harness {
+	const username = overrides.username ?? 'elias';
+	const globalName = overrides.globalName === undefined ? 'Elias' : overrides.globalName;
+	const avatar = overrides.avatar === undefined ? 'a1b2c3d4' : overrides.avatar;
+	const nicknames = new Map<string, string>();
+	if (overrides.nickname !== undefined) {
+		nicknames.set(CALLER_ID.toString(), overrides.nickname);
+	}
+	const channel = {
+		id: CHANNEL_ID,
+		type: ChannelTypes.GROUP_DM,
+		recipientIds: new Set<UserID>([CALLER_ID, RECIPIENT_ID]),
+		nicknames,
+	} as unknown as Channel;
+	const created: Array<CallCaller | undefined> = [];
+	const rung: Array<CallCaller | undefined> = [];
+	const channelRepository = {
+		findUnique: async () => channel,
+		upsertMessage: async () => {},
+		getMessage: async () => null,
+	} as unknown as IChannelRepository;
+	const userRepository = {
+		findUnique: async () => (overrides.userRowMissing ? null : ({...callerUser(username, globalName, avatar)} as User)),
+		listUsers: async () => [],
+		findSettings: async () => null,
+		isDmChannelOpen: async () => true,
+	} as unknown as IUserRepository;
+	const gatewayService = {
+		getCall: async () => existingCall,
+		createCall: async (
+			_channelId: unknown,
+			_messageId: string,
+			_region: string,
+			_ringing: Array<string>,
+			_recipients: Array<string>,
+			caller?: CallCaller,
+		) => {
+			created.push(caller);
+			return EXISTING_CALL;
+		},
+		ringCallRecipients: async (_channelId: unknown, _recipients: Array<string>, caller?: CallCaller) => {
+			rung.push(caller);
+			return true;
+		},
+	} as unknown as IGatewayService;
+	const userCacheService = {
+		getUserPartialResponse: async (): Promise<UserPartialResponse> =>
+			({
+				id: CALLER_ID.toString(),
+				username,
+				discriminator: '0001',
+				global_name: globalName,
+				avatar,
+				avatar_color: null,
+				flags: 0,
+			}) as unknown as UserPartialResponse,
+	} as unknown as UserCacheService;
+	const snowflakeService = {
+		generateForChannel: async () => 7777n,
+	} as unknown as ISnowflakeService;
+	const readStateService = {
+		ackMessage: async () => {},
+		bulkIncrementMentionCounts: async () => {},
+	} as unknown as ReadStateService;
+	const service = new CallService(
+		channelRepository,
+		userRepository,
+		{} as unknown as IGuildRepositoryAggregate,
+		gatewayService,
+		userCacheService,
+		snowflakeService,
+		readStateService,
+		null,
+		{} as unknown as IVoiceRoomStore,
+	);
+	return {service, created, rung};
+}
+
+function callerUser(username: string, globalName: string | null, avatar: string | null): Partial<User> {
+	return {
+		id: CALLER_ID,
+		username,
+		globalName,
+		avatarHash: avatar,
+		isBot: false,
+	};
+}
+
+const requestCache = {
+	userPartials: new Map(),
+} as unknown as RequestCache;
+
+describe('CallService caller identity', () => {
+	let harnessState: Harness;
+
+	const createCall = (overrides: CallerOverrides = {}) => {
+		harnessState = harness(overrides, null);
+		return harnessState.service.createOrGetCall({
+			userId: CALLER_ID,
+			channelId: CHANNEL_ID,
+			ringing: [RECIPIENT_ID],
+			requestCache,
+		});
+	};
+
+	const ringExistingCall = (overrides: CallerOverrides = {}) => {
+		harnessState = harness(overrides, EXISTING_CALL);
+		return harnessState.service.ringCallRecipients({
+			userId: CALLER_ID,
+			channelId: CHANNEL_ID,
+			requestCache,
+		});
+	};
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		requestCache.userPartials.clear();
+	});
+
+	it('sends the caller id, display name and avatar hash to createCall', async () => {
+		await createCall();
+		expect(harnessState.created).toEqual([{id: '1', name: 'Elias', avatar: 'a1b2c3d4'}]);
+	});
+
+	it('prefers the group dm nickname over the global name on createCall', async () => {
+		await createCall({nickname: 'Eli'});
+		expect(harnessState.created[0]?.name).toBe('Eli');
+	});
+
+	it('falls back to the username when the caller has no nickname and no global name', async () => {
+		await createCall({globalName: null});
+		expect(harnessState.created[0]?.name).toBe('elias');
+	});
+
+	it('sends a null avatar when the caller has no custom avatar', async () => {
+		await createCall({avatar: null});
+		expect(harnessState.created[0]).toEqual({id: '1', name: 'Elias', avatar: null});
+	});
+
+	it('sends no caller at all when the caller user row is gone', async () => {
+		await createCall({userRowMissing: true});
+		expect(harnessState.created).toEqual([undefined]);
+	});
+
+	it('sends the caller id, display name and avatar hash to ringCallRecipients', async () => {
+		await ringExistingCall();
+		expect(harnessState.rung).toEqual([{id: '1', name: 'Elias', avatar: 'a1b2c3d4'}]);
+	});
+
+	it('prefers the group dm nickname over the global name on ringCallRecipients', async () => {
+		await ringExistingCall({nickname: 'Eli'});
+		expect(harnessState.rung[0]?.name).toBe('Eli');
+	});
+
+	it('falls back to the username on ringCallRecipients', async () => {
+		await ringExistingCall({globalName: null});
+		expect(harnessState.rung[0]?.name).toBe('elias');
+	});
+
+	it('resolves the caller on the ring branch and not on the create branch', async () => {
+		await ringExistingCall();
+		expect(harnessState.created).toEqual([]);
+		expect(harnessState.rung).toHaveLength(1);
+	});
+});
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import type {ISnowflakeService} from '@app/api/infrastructure/ISnowflakeService'
 import type {IVoiceRoomStore} from '@app/api/infrastructure/IVoiceRoomStore';
 import type {UserCacheService} from '@app/api/infrastructure/UserCacheService';
 import type {RequestCache} from '@app/api/middleware/RequestCacheMiddleware';
+import type {Channel} from '@app/api/models/Channel';
 import type {ReadStateService} from '@app/api/read_state/ReadStateService';
 import type {IUserRepository} from '@app/api/user/IUserRepository';
 import type {VoiceAccessContext, VoiceAvailabilityService} from '@app/api/voice/VoiceAvailabilityService';
@@ -208,14 +209,26 @@ export class CallService {
 			has_reaction: false,
 			version: 1,
 		});
+		const author = await this.userRepository.findUnique(userId);
 		const call = await this.gatewayService.createCall(
 			channelId,
 			messageId.toString(),
 			selectedRegion,
 			ringing.map((id) => id.toString()),
 			allRecipients.map((id) => id.toString()),
+			author
+				? {
+						id: userId.toString(),
+						name: this.resolveCallerName({
+							channel,
+							userId,
+							globalName: author.globalName,
+							username: author.username,
+						}),
+						avatar: author.avatarHash,
+					}
+				: undefined,
 		);
-		const author = await this.userRepository.findUnique(userId);
 		await incrementDmMentionCounts({
 			readStateService: this.readStateService,
 			userRepository: this.userRepository,
@@ -390,13 +403,45 @@ export class CallService {
 				longitude,
 			});
 		} else {
+			const caller = await this.userCacheService.getUserPartialResponse(userId, requestCache);
 			await this.gatewayService.ringCallRecipients(
 				channelId,
 				recipientsToRing.map((id) => id.toString()),
+				{
+					id: userId.toString(),
+					name: this.resolveCallerName({
+						channel,
+						userId,
+						globalName: caller.global_name,
+						username: caller.username,
+					}),
+					avatar: caller.avatar,
+				},
 			);
 		}
 	}

+	private resolveCallerName({
+		channel,
+		userId,
+		globalName,
+		username,
+	}: {
+		channel: Channel;
+		userId: UserID;
+		globalName: string | null;
+		username: string;
+	}): string {
+		const nickname = channel.nicknames.get(userId.toString());
+		if (nickname) {
+			return nickname;
+		}
+		if (globalName) {
+			return globalName;
+		}
+		return username;
+	}
+
 	async stopRingingCallRecipients({
 		userId,
 		channelId,
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {deleteChannelMessageSearchDocuments} from '@app/api/search/MessageSearch
 import type {IUserRepository} from '@app/api/user/IUserRepository';
 import {serializeChannelForAudit} from '@app/api/utils/AuditSerializationUtils';
 import {applyProtectedOverwriteBits} from '@app/api/utils/featureUtils';
+import {overwriteGrantedBits} from '@app/api/utils/PermissionUtils';
 import type {VoiceAvailabilityService} from '@app/api/voice/VoiceAvailabilityService';
 import type {VoiceRegionAvailability} from '@app/api/voice/VoiceModel';
 import type {IWebhookRepository} from '@app/api/webhook/IWebhookRepository';
@@ -208,25 +209,6 @@ export class ChannelOperationsService {
 				userId,
 				channelId: channel.id,
 			});
-			if (!isOwner) {
-				for (const overwrite of data.permission_overwrites ?? []) {
-					const allowPerms = (overwrite.allow ? BigInt(overwrite.allow) : 0n) & ALL_PERMISSIONS;
-					if ((allowPerms & ~channelPermissions) !== 0n) {
-						throw new MissingPermissionsError();
-					}
-				}
-				const nextDeny = new Map<RoleID | UserID, bigint>();
-				for (const overwrite of data.permission_overwrites ?? []) {
-					const targetKey = overwrite.type === 0 ? createRoleID(overwrite.id) : createUserID(overwrite.id);
-					nextDeny.set(targetKey, (overwrite.deny ? BigInt(overwrite.deny) : 0n) & ALL_PERMISSIONS);
-				}
-				for (const [targetId, existing] of previousPermissionOverwrites ?? []) {
-					const removedDeny = existing.deny & ~(nextDeny.get(targetId) ?? 0n);
-					if ((removedDeny & ~channelPermissions) !== 0n) {
-						throw new MissingPermissionsError();
-					}
-				}
-			}
 			permissionOverwrites = new Map();
 			for (const overwrite of data.permission_overwrites ?? []) {
 				const targetId = overwrite.type === 0 ? createRoleID(overwrite.id) : createUserID(overwrite.id);
@@ -251,6 +233,18 @@ export class ChannelOperationsService {
 					}),
 				);
 			}
+			if (!isOwner) {
+				const targetIds = new Set([...(previousPermissionOverwrites?.keys() ?? []), ...permissionOverwrites.keys()]);
+				for (const targetId of targetIds) {
+					const grantedBits = overwriteGrantedBits(
+						previousPermissionOverwrites?.get(targetId),
+						permissionOverwrites.get(targetId),
+					);
+					if ((grantedBits & ~channelPermissions) !== 0n) {
+						throw new MissingPermissionsError();
+					}
+				}
+			}
 		}
 		const requestedParentId =
 			data.parent_id !== undefined ? (data.parent_id ? createChannelID(data.parent_id) : null) : channel.parentId;
@@ -646,9 +640,8 @@ export class ChannelOperationsService {
 		const sanitizedAllow = protectedBits.allow;
 		const sanitizedDeny = protectedBits.deny;
 		const hasAdministrator = (userPermissions & Permissions.ADMINISTRATOR) !== 0n;
-		if (!hasAdministrator && (sanitizedAllow & ~userPermissions) !== 0n) throw new MissingPermissionsError();
-		const removedDeny = (existing?.deny ?? 0n) & ~sanitizedDeny;
-		if (!hasAdministrator && (removedDeny & ~userPermissions) !== 0n) throw new MissingPermissionsError();
+		const grantedBits = overwriteGrantedBits(existing, {allow: sanitizedAllow, deny: sanitizedDeny});
+		if (!hasAdministrator && (grantedBits & ~userPermissions) !== 0n) throw new MissingPermissionsError();
 		const previousPermissionOverwrites = channel.permissionOverwrites;
 		const nextOverwrite = new ChannelPermissionOverwrite({
 			type: params.overwrite.type,
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import type {AttachmentID, ChannelID} from '@app/api/BrandedTypes';
 import type {AttachmentRequestData} from '@app/api/channel/AttachmentDTOs';
 import type {RichEmbedMediaWithMetadata} from '@app/api/channel/EmbedTypes';
-import {makeAttachmentCdnUrl} from '@app/api/channel/services/message/MessageHelpers';
+import {getContentType, makeAttachmentCdnUrl} from '@app/api/channel/services/message/MessageHelpers';
 import {ValidationErrorCodes} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ValidationErrorCodes';
 import {InputValidationError} from '@fluxer/errors/src/domains/core/InputValidationError';
 import type {RichEmbedRequest} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/message/MessageRequestSchemas';
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ interface RichEmbedRequestWithMetadata extends Omit<RichEmbedRequest, 'image' |
 	thumbnail?: RichEmbedMediaWithMetadata | null;
 }

-const SUPPORTED_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'webp', 'gif']);
+function isEmbeddableMediaType(contentType: string): boolean {
+	const normalized = contentType.toLowerCase();
+	return normalized.startsWith('image/') || normalized.startsWith('video/');
+}

 export class MessageEmbedAttachmentResolver {
 	validateAttachmentReferences(params: {
@@ -69,8 +72,7 @@ export class MessageEmbedAttachmentResolver {
 					{filename},
 				);
 			}
-			const extension = filename.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase();
-			if (!extension || !SUPPORTED_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.has(extension)) {
+			if (!isEmbeddableMediaType(getContentType(filename))) {
 				throw InputValidationError.fromCode(
 					`embeds[${embedIndex}].${field}`,
 					ValidationErrorCodes.ATTACHMENT_MUST_BE_IMAGE,
@@ -137,8 +139,7 @@ export class MessageEmbedAttachmentResolver {
 			if (!attachmentData) {
 				throw InputValidationError.fromCode(field, ValidationErrorCodes.REFERENCED_ATTACHMENT_NOT_FOUND, {filename});
 			}
-			const extension = filename.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase();
-			if (!extension || !SUPPORTED_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.has(extension)) {
+			if (!isEmbeddableMediaType(attachmentData.metadata.content_type)) {
 				throw InputValidationError.fromCode(field, ValidationErrorCodes.ATTACHMENT_MUST_BE_IMAGE, {filename});
 			}
 			return attachmentData;
@@ -252,9 +252,7 @@ export class MessageValidationService {
 		const isAuthor = message.authorId === userId;
 		if (!guild) return isAuthor;
 		if (isAuthor) return true;
-		const canManageMessages =
-			(await hasPermission(Permissions.SEND_MESSAGES)) && (await hasPermission(Permissions.MANAGE_MESSAGES));
-		return canManageMessages;
+		return hasPermission(Permissions.MANAGE_MESSAGES);
 	}

 	private validateVoiceMessageConstraints(
@@ -294,6 +294,48 @@ describe('Channel Permission Overwrites', () => {
 		expect(overwrite?.allow).toBe(Permissions.VIEW_CHANNEL.toString());
 		expect(overwrite?.deny).toBe(Permissions.MANAGE_MESSAGES.toString());
 	});
+	test('should let an editor change an overwrite that already allows a permission they lack', async () => {
+		const {owner, members, guild, systemChannel} = await setupTestGuildWithMembers(harness, 1);
+		const manager = members[0];
+		const managerRole = await createRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, {
+			name: 'Queue Manager',
+			permissions: Permissions.MANAGE_ROLES.toString(),
+		});
+		const botRole = await createRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, {name: 'Bot'});
+		await addMemberRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, manager.userId, managerRole.id);
+		await createPermissionOverwrite(harness, owner.token, systemChannel.id, botRole.id, {
+			type: 0,
+			allow: Permissions.PIN_MESSAGES.toString(),
+			deny: '0',
+		});
+		await createBuilder(harness, manager.token)
+			.put(`/channels/${systemChannel.id}/permissions/${botRole.id}`)
+			.body({
+				type: 0,
+				allow: (Permissions.PIN_MESSAGES | Permissions.SEND_MESSAGES).toString(),
+				deny: '0',
+			})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+		const updated = await getChannel(harness, owner.token, systemChannel.id);
+		const botOverwrite = updated.permission_overwrites?.find((o) => o.id === botRole.id);
+		expect(botOverwrite?.allow).toBe((Permissions.PIN_MESSAGES | Permissions.SEND_MESSAGES).toString());
+	});
+	test('should reject an editor granting a permission they lack', async () => {
+		const {owner, members, guild, systemChannel} = await setupTestGuildWithMembers(harness, 1);
+		const manager = members[0];
+		const managerRole = await createRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, {
+			name: 'Queue Manager',
+			permissions: Permissions.MANAGE_ROLES.toString(),
+		});
+		const botRole = await createRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, {name: 'Bot'});
+		await addMemberRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, manager.userId, managerRole.id);
+		await createBuilder(harness, manager.token)
+			.put(`/channels/${systemChannel.id}/permissions/${botRole.id}`)
+			.body({type: 0, allow: Permissions.PIN_MESSAGES.toString(), deny: '0'})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN)
+			.execute();
+	});
 	test('should propagate category permission patches only to children that were synced when the category changed', async () => {
 		const {owner, guild} = await setupTestGuildWithMembers(harness, 0);
 		const targetRole = await createRole(harness, owner.token, guild.id, {name: 'Readers'});
@@ -512,6 +512,34 @@ describe('Embed Attachment URL Resolution', () => {
 			expect(json.embeds).toHaveLength(1);
 			expect(json.embeds![0].image?.url).not.toContain('attachment://');
 		});
+		it('should accept image and video attachments beyond the legacy image extensions', async () => {
+			const account = await createTestAccount(harness);
+			const guild = await createGuild(harness, account.token, 'Media Type Guild');
+			const channel = await createChannel(harness, account.token, guild.id, 'test-channel');
+			const channelId = guild.system_channel_id ?? channel.id;
+			const payload = {
+				content: 'Test with jxl and mp4 embed media',
+				attachments: [
+					{id: 0, filename: 'photo.jxl'},
+					{id: 1, filename: 'clip.mp4'},
+				],
+				embeds: [
+					{
+						title: 'Media Embed',
+						image: {url: 'attachment://clip.mp4'},
+						thumbnail: {url: 'attachment://photo.jxl'},
+					},
+				],
+			};
+			const {response, json} = await sendMessageWithAttachments(harness, account.token, channelId, payload, [
+				{index: 0, filename: 'photo.jxl', data: Buffer.from('jxl bytes')},
+				{index: 1, filename: 'clip.mp4', data: Buffer.from('mp4 bytes')},
+			]);
+			expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+			expect(json.embeds).toHaveLength(1);
+			expect(json.embeds![0].image?.url).not.toContain('attachment://');
+			expect(json.embeds![0].thumbnail?.url).not.toContain('attachment://');
+		});
 	});
 	describe('Multiple Embeds and Files', () => {
 		it('should handle multiple embeds with different URL types', async () => {
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {createTestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {createFriendship, createGroupDmChannel, getChannel} from '@app/api/channel/tests/ChannelTestUtils';
+import {ensureSessionStarted} from '@app/api/message/tests/MessageTestUtils';
+import {type ApiTestHarness, createApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {NoopGatewayService} from '@app/api/test/NoopGatewayService';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import type {ChannelResponse} from '@fluxer/schema/src/domains/channel/ChannelSchemas';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi} from 'vitest';
+
+describe('Group DM name clear', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createApiTestHarness();
+	});
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+	it.each([
+		['an empty string', ''],
+		['null', null],
+	])('sends a null name to every recipient when cleared with %s', async (_label, clearedName) => {
+		const user1 = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const user2 = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		const user3 = await createTestAccount(harness);
+		await ensureSessionStarted(harness, user1.token);
+		await ensureSessionStarted(harness, user2.token);
+		await ensureSessionStarted(harness, user3.token);
+		await createFriendship(harness, user1, user2);
+		await createFriendship(harness, user1, user3);
+		const groupDm = await createGroupDmChannel(harness, user1.token, [user2.userId, user3.userId]);
+		await createBuilder<ChannelResponse>(harness, user1.token)
+			.patch(`/channels/${groupDm.id}`)
+			.body({name: 'Weekend plans'})
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+			.execute();
+		const dispatchSpy = vi.spyOn(NoopGatewayService.prototype, 'dispatchPresence');
+		try {
+			const cleared = await createBuilder<ChannelResponse>(harness, user1.token)
+				.patch(`/channels/${groupDm.id}`)
+				.body({name: clearedName})
+				.expect(HTTP_STATUS.OK)
+				.execute();
+			expect(cleared).toHaveProperty('name', null);
+			const channelUpdates = dispatchSpy.mock.calls.filter(([params]) => params.event === 'CHANNEL_UPDATE');
+			expect(channelUpdates.map(([params]) => params.userId.toString()).sort()).toEqual(
+				[user1.userId, user2.userId, user3.userId].sort(),
+			);
+			for (const [params] of channelUpdates) {
+				expect(params.data).toHaveProperty('name', null);
+			}
+		} finally {
+			dispatchSpy.mockRestore();
+		}
+		expect(await getChannel(harness, user2.token, groupDm.id)).toHaveProperty('name', null);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import type {TestAccount} from '@app/api/auth/tests/AuthTestUtils';
+import {
+	createPermissionOverwrite,
+	sendChannelMessage,
+	setupTestGuildWithMembers,
+} from '@app/api/channel/tests/ChannelTestUtils';
+import {type ApiTestHarness, createApiTestHarness} from '@app/api/test/ApiTestHarness';
+import {HTTP_STATUS} from '@app/api/test/TestConstants';
+import {createBuilder} from '@app/api/test/TestRequestBuilder';
+import {Permissions} from '@fluxer/constants/src/ChannelConstants';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, it} from 'vitest';
+
+describe('Message delete permissions', () => {
+	let harness: ApiTestHarness;
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		harness = await createApiTestHarness();
+	});
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await harness.reset();
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await harness?.shutdown();
+	});
+
+	it('lets a member with MANAGE_MESSAGES but without SEND_MESSAGES delete another member message', async () => {
+		const {owner, members, systemChannel} = await setupTestGuildWithMembers(harness, 2);
+		const [author, moderator] = members as [TestAccount, TestAccount];
+		const message = await sendChannelMessage(harness, author.token, systemChannel.id, 'delete me');
+		await createPermissionOverwrite(harness, owner.token, systemChannel.id, moderator.userId, {
+			type: 1,
+			allow: Permissions.MANAGE_MESSAGES.toString(),
+			deny: Permissions.SEND_MESSAGES.toString(),
+		});
+
+		await createBuilder(harness, moderator.token)
+			.delete(`/channels/${systemChannel.id}/messages/${message.id}`)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NO_CONTENT)
+			.execute();
+
+		await createBuilder(harness, author.token)
+			.get(`/channels/${systemChannel.id}/messages/${message.id}`)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.NOT_FOUND)
+			.execute();
+	});
+
+	it('refuses a member without MANAGE_MESSAGES deleting another member message', async () => {
+		const {members, systemChannel} = await setupTestGuildWithMembers(harness, 2);
+		const [author, other] = members as [TestAccount, TestAccount];
+		const message = await sendChannelMessage(harness, author.token, systemChannel.id, 'keep me');
+
+		await createBuilder(harness, other.token)
+			.delete(`/channels/${systemChannel.id}/messages/${message.id}`)
+			.expect(HTTP_STATUS.FORBIDDEN, 'MISSING_PERMISSIONS')
+			.execute();
+	});
+});
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@

 import type {WorkerTaskName} from '@app/api/worker/WorkerLaneConfig';
 import type {CachePurgeAdapterName} from '@fluxer/config/src/MasterConfig';
-import type {ResolvedDownloadsProvider} from '@fluxer/config/src/S3DownloadsProvider';

 export type APIWorkerMode = 'all_lanes' | 'single_lane' | 'single_task';
 export type APIWorkerLaneName = 'realtime' | 'unfurl' | 'lifecycle' | 'batch';
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ export interface APIConfig {
 	requestTimeoutMs: number;
 	maxInflightRequests: number;
 	ipBanExemptIps: Array<string>;
-	desktopGitHubRedirectCountries: ReadonlySet<string>;
 	cassandra: {
 		hosts: string;
 		port: number;
@@ -131,6 +129,7 @@ export interface APIConfig {
 		apiPublic: string;
 		apiClient: string;
 		webApp: string;
+		webAppOrigins: Array<string>;
 		gateway: string;
 		media: string;
 		staticCdn: string;
@@ -145,8 +144,6 @@ export interface APIConfig {
 		donationProxyKey: string;
 	};
 	hosts: {
-		invite: string;
-		gift: string;
 		marketing: string;
 		unfurlIgnored: Array<string>;
 	};
@@ -171,10 +168,8 @@ export interface APIConfig {
 			uploads: string;
 			reports: string;
 			harvests: string;
-			downloads: string;
 		};
 	};
-	s3Downloads: ResolvedDownloadsProvider;
 	email: {
 		enabled: boolean;
 		provider: 'smtp' | 'none';
@@ -342,6 +337,10 @@ export interface APIConfig {
 	};
 	abusePolicy: {
 		inboundPhoneCountryCodes: Array<string>;
+		phoneFlagging: {
+			enabled: boolean;
+			exemptCountryCodes: Array<string>;
+		};
 		phoneVerification: {
 			inboundRequiredPrefixes: Array<string>;
 		};
@@ -368,7 +367,6 @@ export interface APIConfig {
 		validateResponses: boolean;
 	};
 	presignedAttachmentUploadsEnabled: boolean;
-	presignedDownloadsEnabled: boolean;
 	presignedHarvestDownloadsEnabled: boolean;
 	attachmentDecayEnabled: boolean;
 	deletionGracePeriodHours: number;
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later

+import type {BannedFileShaRow} from '@app/api/database/types/AdminArchiveTypes';
+
 export const BANNED_URLS_REFRESH_CHANNEL = 'banned_urls_refresh';
 export const BANNED_URL_DOMAINS_REFRESH_CHANNEL = 'banned_url_domains_refresh';
 export const BANNED_FILE_SHAS_REFRESH_CHANNEL = 'banned_file_shas_refresh';
@@ -23,3 +25,7 @@ export const ContentBlocklistCategory = {
 	GIFCT: 'gifct',
 	STOP_NCII: 'stop_ncii',
 } as const;
+
+export function isBlocklistFeedFileSha(row: Pick<BannedFileShaRow, 'category' | 'added_by'>): boolean {
+	return row.added_by == null && row.category === ContentBlocklistCategory.MALWARE_BAZAAR;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'node:url';
+import {DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES} from '@app/api/database/PostgresKvDefaultTtlExpiry';
+import * as DonationTables from '@app/api/donation/DonationTables';
+import * as Tables from '@app/api/Tables';
+import {IPINFO_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS, IPINFO_REQUEST_AUDIT_TTL_SECONDS} from '@pkgs/geoip/src/PostgresIpInfoKv';
+import {describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const THIS_DIR = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(THIS_DIR, '../../../..');
+
+interface SchemaTable {
+	name: string;
+	options: string;
+}
+
+const SCHEMA = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(REPO_ROOT, 'tools/dev/cassandra_target_schema.json'), 'utf8')) as {
+	tables: Array<SchemaTable>;
+};
+
+const SCHEMA_DEFAULTS = new Map<string, number>(
+	SCHEMA.tables.flatMap((table): Array<[string, number]> => {
+		const match = /default_time_to_live = (\d+)/.exec(table.options);
+		return match ? [[table.name, Number(match[1])]] : [];
+	}),
+);
+
+const DSL_TABLES = [...Object.values(Tables), ...Object.values(DonationTables)];
+const DSL_NAMES = new Set<string>(DSL_TABLES.map((table) => table.name));
+
+const NON_DSL_DEFAULTS: Record<string, number | null> = {
+	ipinfo_cache: IPINFO_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS,
+	ipinfo_requests_by_hour: IPINFO_REQUEST_AUDIT_TTL_SECONDS,
+	billing_webhook_events: null,
+	forensic_identifier_by_key_day: null,
+	forensic_identifier_by_request: null,
+	forensic_request_meta_by_actor_day: null,
+	forensic_request_meta_by_id: null,
+	forensic_request_meta_by_route_day_shard: null,
+	forensic_resource_exposure_by_request: null,
+	forensic_resource_exposure_by_route_day_shard: null,
+	forensic_resource_exposure_by_subject_day: null,
+};
+
+const OWN_EXPIRY_PASS = new Set(['jobs_by_id', 'jobs_by_day_bucket']);
+
+function schemaDefault(name: string): number {
+	return SCHEMA_DEFAULTS.get(name) ?? 0;
+}
+
+function byName(left: {name: string}, right: {name: string}): number {
+	return left.name.localeCompare(right.name);
+}
+
+describe('Cassandra default TTL parity', () => {
+	it('declares every Cassandra default TTL on the matching table', () => {
+		const mismatches = DSL_TABLES.flatMap((table) => {
+			const declared = table.defaultTtlSeconds ?? 0;
+			return declared === schemaDefault(table.name)
+				? []
+				: [{table: table.name, declared, schema: schemaDefault(table.name)}];
+		});
+		expect(mismatches).toEqual([]);
+	});
+
+	it('declares a writer or no writer for every other table with a default', () => {
+		const undeclared = [...SCHEMA_DEFAULTS]
+			.filter(([name, ttl]) => ttl > 0 && !DSL_NAMES.has(name) && !Object.hasOwn(NON_DSL_DEFAULTS, name))
+			.map(([name]) => name);
+		expect(undeclared).toEqual([]);
+		const stale = Object.keys(NON_DSL_DEFAULTS).filter((name) => schemaDefault(name) === 0 || DSL_NAMES.has(name));
+		expect(stale).toEqual([]);
+		const mismatched = Object.entries(NON_DSL_DEFAULTS)
+			.filter(([name, ttl]) => ttl !== null && ttl !== schemaDefault(name))
+			.map(([name]) => name);
+		expect(mismatched).toEqual([]);
+	});
+
+	it('the Postgres expiry pass covers every table with a default except the job ledger', () => {
+		const expected = [...SCHEMA_DEFAULTS]
+			.filter(([name, ttl]) => ttl > 0 && NON_DSL_DEFAULTS[name] !== null && !OWN_EXPIRY_PASS.has(name))
+			.map(([name, ttl]) => ({name, defaultTtlSeconds: ttl}))
+			.sort(byName);
+		expect([...DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES].sort(byName)).toEqual(expected);
+	});
+});
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ interface TableMetadata {
 	columns: ReadonlyArray<string>;
 	primaryKey: ReadonlyArray<string>;
 	partitionKey: ReadonlyArray<string>;
+	defaultTtlSeconds?: number;
 }

 const kvMetaRegistry = new Map<string, KvQueryMeta<Record<string, unknown>>>();
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ export function registerTableSpec<Row extends object>(tableSpec: KvTableSpec<Row
 		columns: tableSpec.columns as ReadonlyArray<string>,
 		primaryKey: tableSpec.primaryKey as ReadonlyArray<string>,
 		partitionKey: tableSpec.partitionKey as ReadonlyArray<string>,
+		defaultTtlSeconds: tableSpec.defaultTtlSeconds,
 	};
 	tableRegistry.set(tableSpec.name, metadata);
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later

+import {getTableMetadata} from '@app/api/database/CassandraMetaRegistry';
 import {defineTable} from '@app/api/database/CassandraTableDsl';
 import {Db, type PreparedQuery} from '@app/api/database/CassandraTypes';
 import {describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
@@ -76,3 +77,41 @@ describe('CassandraTableDsl select templates', () => {
 		expect(longQuery.cql).not.toContain('LIMIT 20');
 	});
 });
+
+describe('CassandraTableDsl default TTL', () => {
+	it('keeps the CQL of a table with a default TTL free of USING TTL', () => {
+		const DefaultTtlRows = defineTable<TtlHelperTestRow, 'id'>({
+			name: 'default_ttl_dsl_rows',
+			columns: ['id', 'value'],
+			primaryKey: ['id'],
+			defaultTtlSeconds: 600,
+		});
+		expect(DefaultTtlRows.defaultTtlSeconds).toBe(600);
+		const queries = [
+			DefaultTtlRows.insert({id: 'insert', value: 'a'}),
+			DefaultTtlRows.upsertAll({id: 'upsert', value: 'b'}),
+			DefaultTtlRows.patchByPk({id: 'patch'}, {value: Db.set('c')}),
+		];
+		for (const query of queries) {
+			expect(query.cql).not.toContain('USING TTL');
+			expect(query.kvMeta?.table.defaultTtlSeconds).toBe(600);
+		}
+		expect(getTableMetadata('default_ttl_dsl_rows')?.defaultTtlSeconds).toBe(600);
+		expect(TtlHelperTestRows.defaultTtlSeconds).toBeUndefined();
+		expect(getTableMetadata('ttl_helper_test_rows')?.defaultTtlSeconds).toBeUndefined();
+	});
+
+	it('rejects a default TTL of zero, a fraction or past the maximum', () => {
+		for (const defaultTtlSeconds of [0, 1.5, 630_720_001]) {
+			expect(() =>
+				defineTable<TtlHelperTestRow, 'id'>({
+					name: 'default_ttl_dsl_rejected_rows',
+					columns: ['id', 'value'],
+					primaryKey: ['id'],
+					defaultTtlSeconds,
+				}),
+			).toThrow();
+		}
+		expect(getTableMetadata('default_ttl_dsl_rejected_rows')).toBeUndefined();
+	});
+});
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ export function defineTable<Row extends object, PK extends ColumnName<Row>, Part
 	columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>;
 	primaryKey: ReadonlyArray<PK>;
 	partitionKey?: ReadonlyArray<PartKey>;
+	defaultTtlSeconds?: number;
 }): Table<Row, PK, PartKey> {
 	const columns = [...def.columns];
 	const pk = [...def.primaryKey];
@@ -91,11 +92,15 @@ export function defineTable<Row extends object, PK extends ColumnName<Row>, Part
 	for (const c of columns) assertCqlIdentifier(c as string);
 	for (const k of pk) assertCqlIdentifier(k as string);
 	for (const k of partitionKey) assertCqlIdentifier(k as string);
+	if (def.defaultTtlSeconds !== undefined && validateTtlSeconds(def.defaultTtlSeconds) === 0) {
+		throw new Error(`Table "${def.name}" needs a positive default TTL`);
+	}
 	const tableSpec: KvTableSpec<Row> = {
 		name: def.name,
 		columns,
 		primaryKey: pk as ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>,
 		partitionKey: partitionKey as ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>,
+		defaultTtlSeconds: def.defaultTtlSeconds,
 	};
 	registerTableSpec(tableSpec);
 	const nonPkColumns = columns.filter((c) => !pk.includes(c as PK)) as Array<Exclude<ColumnName<Row>, PK>>;
@@ -685,6 +690,7 @@ WHERE ${pk.map((k) => `${k} = :${k}`).join(' AND ')};
 		columns: def.columns,
 		primaryKey: def.primaryKey,
 		partitionKey: partitionKey,
+		defaultTtlSeconds: def.defaultTtlSeconds,
 		selectCql,
 		select,
 		updateAllCql() {
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ export interface KvTableSpec<Row extends object = Record<string, unknown>> {
 	columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>;
 	primaryKey: ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>;
 	partitionKey: ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>;
+	defaultTtlSeconds?: number;
 }

 export interface KvColumnParam<Row extends object = Record<string, unknown>> {
@@ -190,6 +191,7 @@ export interface Table<Row extends object, PK extends ColumnName<Row>, PartKey e
 	columns: ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>;
 	primaryKey: ReadonlyArray<PK>;
 	partitionKey: ReadonlyArray<PartKey>;
+	defaultTtlSeconds: number | undefined;
 	selectCql(opts?: {
 		columns?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnName<Row>>;
 		where?: WhereExpr<Row> | ReadonlyArray<WhereExpr<Row>>;
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {spawnSync} from 'node:child_process';
+import {createServer} from 'node:net';
+import {defineTable} from '@app/api/database/CassandraTableDsl';
+import {Db} from '@app/api/database/CassandraTypes';
+import {
+	DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME,
+	DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES,
+	expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows,
+} from '@app/api/database/PostgresKvDefaultTtlExpiry';
+import {
+	ensurePostgresKvSchema,
+	PostgresKvQueryExecutor,
+	pruneExpiredPostgresKvRows,
+} from '@app/api/database/PostgresKvQueryExecutor';
+import {startDockerContainer} from '@app/api/test/DockerTestContainer';
+import {
+	getDefaultPostgresClient,
+	type IPostgresClient,
+	initPostgres,
+	shutdownPostgres,
+} from '@pkgs/postgres/src/Client';
+import {afterAll, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it} from 'vitest';
+
+const KV_TABLE = 'kv_default_ttl';
+const CONTAINER = `fluxer-kvttl-${process.pid.toString(36)}-${Date.now().toString(36)}`;
+const dockerAvailable = spawnSync('docker', ['version'], {stdio: 'ignore'}).status === 0;
+const DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS = 600;
+
+interface ProbeRow {
+	id: string;
+	value: string | null;
+	note: string | null;
+}
+
+interface OwnedProbeRow {
+	owner: string;
+	id: string;
+	value: string | null;
+}
+
+const DefaultTtlProbe = defineTable<ProbeRow, 'id'>({
+	name: 'default_ttl_probe',
+	columns: ['id', 'value', 'note'],
+	primaryKey: ['id'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS,
+});
+
+const DefaultTtlProbeRows = defineTable<OwnedProbeRow, 'owner' | 'id', 'owner'>({
+	name: 'default_ttl_probe_rows',
+	columns: ['owner', 'id', 'value'],
+	primaryKey: ['owner', 'id'],
+	partitionKey: ['owner'],
+	defaultTtlSeconds: DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS,
+});
+
+const NoTtlProbe = defineTable<ProbeRow, 'id'>({
+	name: 'no_ttl_probe',
+	columns: ['id', 'value', 'note'],
+	primaryKey: ['id'],
+});
+
+async function sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+	await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+
+async function freePort(): Promise<number> {
+	return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+		const server = createServer();
+		server.on('error', reject);
+		server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => {
+			const address = server.address();
+			if (typeof address === 'string' || address === null) {
+				reject(new Error('no port'));
+				return;
+			}
+			const port = address.port;
+			server.close(() => resolve(port));
+		});
+	});
+}
+
+function expectExpiresIn(value: Date | number | null, ttlSeconds: number): void {
+	expect(value).toBeInstanceOf(Date);
+	const remainingSeconds = ((value as Date).getTime() - Date.now()) / 1000;
+	expect(remainingSeconds).toBeGreaterThan(ttlSeconds - 60);
+	expect(remainingSeconds).toBeLessThanOrEqual(ttlSeconds);
+}
+
+describe.skipIf(!dockerAvailable)('Postgres KV default TTL', () => {
+	let raw: IPostgresClient;
+	let executor: PostgresKvQueryExecutor;
+
+	async function stored(table: string, id: string): Promise<{expires_at: Date | number | null; row_data: object}> {
+		const result = await raw.query<{expires_at: Date | number | null; row_data: object}>(
+			`SELECT expires_at, row_data FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_data ->> 'id' = $2`,
+			[table, id],
+		);
+		expect(result.rows).toHaveLength(1);
+		return result.rows[0]!;
+	}
+
+	async function expiresAt(table: string, id: string): Promise<Date | number | null> {
+		return (await stored(table, id)).expires_at;
+	}
+
+	async function neverExpires(table: string, id: string): Promise<boolean> {
+		const result = await raw.query<{forever: boolean}>(
+			`SELECT expires_at = 'infinity'::timestamptz AS forever FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_data ->> 'id' = $2`,
+			[table, id],
+		);
+		return result.rows[0]?.forever === true;
+	}
+
+	async function setExpiry(table: string, id: string, expression: string): Promise<void> {
+		await raw.query(
+			`UPDATE ${KV_TABLE} SET expires_at = ${expression} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_data ->> 'id' = $2`,
+			[table, id],
+		);
+	}
+
+	async function seed(table: string, key: string, age: string, expires: Date | string | null = null): Promise<string> {
+		const result = await raw.query<{updated_at: string}>(
+			`INSERT INTO ${KV_TABLE} (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data, expires_at, updated_at)
+VALUES ($1, $2, $2, '{}'::jsonb, $3::timestamptz, now() - $4::interval)
+RETURNING updated_at::text`,
+			[table, key, expires, age],
+		);
+		return result.rows[0]!.updated_at;
+	}
+
+	async function remaining(): Promise<Array<{table_name: string; row_key: string}>> {
+		const result = await raw.query<{table_name: string; row_key: string}>(
+			`SELECT table_name, row_key FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name <> '__fluxer_schema_migrations' ORDER BY table_name, row_key`,
+		);
+		return result.rows;
+	}
+
+	async function ageMarker(): Promise<void> {
+		await raw.query(
+			`UPDATE ${KV_TABLE} SET row_data = jsonb_build_object('applied_at', now() - interval '2 days') WHERE table_name = '__fluxer_schema_migrations' AND row_key = 'default_ttl_expiry_v1'`,
+		);
+	}
+
+	async function resumePoint(): Promise<object | null> {
+		const result = await raw.query<{row_data: object}>(
+			`SELECT row_data FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name = '__fluxer_schema_migrations' AND row_key = $1`,
+			[DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME],
+		);
+		return result.rows[0]?.row_data ?? null;
+	}
+
+	async function markerCount(): Promise<number> {
+		const result = await raw.query<{n: number}>(
+			`SELECT count(*)::int AS n FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name = '__fluxer_schema_migrations' AND row_key = 'default_ttl_expiry_v1'`,
+		);
+		return result.rows[0]!.n;
+	}
+
+	beforeAll(async () => {
+		const port = await freePort();
+		startDockerContainer([
+			'run',
+			'-d',
+			'--name',
+			CONTAINER,
+			'-e',
+			'POSTGRES_USER=fluxer',
+			'-e',
+			'POSTGRES_PASSWORD=fluxer',
+			'-e',
+			'POSTGRES_DB=fluxer',
+			'-p',
+			`127.0.0.1:${port}:5432`,
+			'postgres:16-alpine',
+			'-c',
+			'fsync=off',
+		]);
+		let ready = false;
+		for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 180 && !ready; attempt += 1) {
+			await sleep(500);
+			const probe = spawnSync('docker', ['exec', CONTAINER, 'pg_isready', '-U', 'fluxer', '-d', 'fluxer'], {
+				stdio: 'ignore',
+			});
+			if (probe.status !== 0) continue;
+			try {
+				await initPostgres({
+					url: `postgres://fluxer:[email protected]:${port}/fluxer`,
+					maxConnections: 4,
+					kvTable: KV_TABLE,
+				});
+				await getDefaultPostgresClient().query('SELECT 1');
+				ready = true;
+			} catch {
+				await shutdownPostgres().catch(() => {});
+			}
+		}
+		if (!ready) throw new Error('postgres never came up');
+		raw = getDefaultPostgresClient();
+		await ensurePostgresKvSchema(raw);
+		executor = new PostgresKvQueryExecutor(raw);
+	}, 900_000);
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		await raw.query(`DELETE FROM ${KV_TABLE}`);
+	});
+
+	afterAll(async () => {
+		await shutdownPostgres().catch(() => {});
+		spawnSync('docker', ['rm', '-f', CONTAINER], {stdio: 'ignore'});
+	});
+
+	it('gives every full-row write without a TTL the table default', async () => {
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insert({id: 'insert', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.upsertAll({id: 'upsert', value: 'b', note: 'n'}));
+		expect(
+			await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insertIfNotExists({id: 'claimed', value: 'c', note: null})),
+		).toEqual([{'[applied]': true}]);
+		expect(
+			await executor.executeQuery(
+				DefaultTtlProbeRows.conditionalBatch([{action: 'insert', row: {owner: 'o', id: 'batched', value: 'd'}}]),
+			),
+		).toEqual([{'[applied]': true}]);
+
+		for (const id of ['insert', 'upsert', 'claimed']) {
+			expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', id), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+		}
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe_rows', 'batched'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps an explicit TTL ahead of the default', async () => {
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insertWithTtl({id: 'short', value: 'a', note: null}, 60));
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'short'), 60);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insert({id: 'patched', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPkWithTtl({id: 'patched'}, {value: Db.set('b')}, 60));
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'patched'), 60);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps an explicit TTL of zero as no expiry', async () => {
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insertWithTtl({id: 'forever', value: 'a', note: null}, 0));
+		expect(await neverExpires('default_ttl_probe', 'forever')).toBe(true);
+		expect(
+			await executor.executeQuery(
+				DefaultTtlProbe.select({where: DefaultTtlProbe.where.eq('id')}).bind({id: 'forever'}),
+			),
+		).toEqual([{id: 'forever', value: 'a', note: null}]);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'forever'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}));
+		expect(await neverExpires('default_ttl_probe', 'forever')).toBe(true);
+
+		await pruneExpiredPostgresKvRows(raw);
+		expect(await neverExpires('default_ttl_probe', 'forever')).toBe(true);
+	});
+
+	it('raises a patched row to the default but never lowers it', async () => {
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insertWithTtl({id: 'longer', value: 'a', note: null}, 3600));
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'longer'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}));
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'longer'), 3600);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insert({id: 'soon', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		await setExpiry('default_ttl_probe', 'soon', "now() + interval '5 seconds'");
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'soon'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}));
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'soon'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'missing'}, {note: Db.set('created')}));
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'missing'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insert({id: 'unset', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		await setExpiry('default_ttl_probe', 'unset', 'NULL');
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'unset'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}));
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'unset'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insert({id: 'expired', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		await setExpiry('default_ttl_probe', 'expired', "now() - interval '1 second'");
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'expired'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}));
+		const revived = await stored('default_ttl_probe', 'expired');
+		expect(revived.row_data).toEqual({id: 'expired', note: 'patched'});
+		expectExpiresIn(revived.expires_at, DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+	});
+
+	it('raises conditional patches the same way', async () => {
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insert({id: 'soon', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		await setExpiry('default_ttl_probe', 'soon', "now() + interval '5 seconds'");
+		expect(
+			await executor.executeQuery(
+				DefaultTtlProbe.conditionalPatchByPk({id: 'soon'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}, {value: 'a'}),
+			),
+		).toEqual([{'[applied]': true}]);
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'soon'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbe.insertWithTtl({id: 'longer', value: 'a', note: null}, 3600));
+		expect(
+			await executor.executeQuery(
+				DefaultTtlProbe.conditionalPatchByPk({id: 'longer'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}, {value: 'a'}),
+			),
+		).toEqual([{'[applied]': true}]);
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe', 'longer'), 3600);
+
+		await executor.executeQuery(DefaultTtlProbeRows.insert({owner: 'o', id: 'existing', value: 'old'}));
+		await setExpiry('default_ttl_probe_rows', 'existing', 'NULL');
+		expect(
+			await executor.executeQuery(
+				DefaultTtlProbeRows.conditionalBatch([
+					{action: 'insert', row: {owner: 'o', id: 'added', value: 'new'}},
+					{
+						action: 'patch',
+						pk: {owner: 'o', id: 'existing'},
+						patch: {value: Db.set('updated')},
+						expected: {value: 'old'},
+					},
+				]),
+			),
+		).toEqual([{'[applied]': true}]);
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe_rows', 'added'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+		expectExpiresIn(await expiresAt('default_ttl_probe_rows', 'existing'), DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS);
+	});
+
+	it('leaves tables without a default untouched', async () => {
+		await executor.executeQuery(NoTtlProbe.insert({id: 'plain', value: 'a', note: null}));
+		expect(await expiresAt('no_ttl_probe', 'plain')).toBeNull();
+		await executor.executeQuery(NoTtlProbe.patchByPk({id: 'plain'}, {note: Db.set('patched')}));
+		expect(await expiresAt('no_ttl_probe', 'plain')).toBeNull();
+		await executor.executeQuery(NoTtlProbe.insertWithTtl({id: 'zero', value: 'a', note: null}, 0));
+		expect(await expiresAt('no_ttl_probe', 'zero')).toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	it('gives rows an older image wrote the expiry of their last write and deletes the ones past it', async () => {
+		const mentionWrittenAt = await seed('recent_mentions', 'rm-day', '1 day');
+		await seed('recent_mentions', 'rm-week', '8 days');
+		await seed('attachment_upload_traces_by_key', 'at-31', '31 days');
+		await seed('attachment_upload_traces_by_key', 'at-29', '29 days');
+		await seed('phone_lookup_cache', 'pl-8', '8 days');
+		await seed('donor_magic_link_tokens', 'dm-hour', '1 hour');
+		await seed('ipinfo_requests_by_hour', 'ip-day', '1 day');
+		await seed('jobs_by_id', 'job', '100 days');
+		await seed('users', 'user', '100 days');
+		await seed('recent_mentions', 'rm-forever', '1 day', 'infinity');
+		await seed('recent_mentions', 'rm-hour', '30 days', new Date(Date.now() + 3_600_000));
+
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 4,
+			expiring: 3,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await remaining()).toEqual([
+			{table_name: 'attachment_upload_traces_by_key', row_key: 'at-29'},
+			{table_name: 'ipinfo_requests_by_hour', row_key: 'ip-day'},
+			{table_name: 'jobs_by_id', row_key: 'job'},
+			{table_name: 'recent_mentions', row_key: 'rm-day'},
+			{table_name: 'recent_mentions', row_key: 'rm-forever'},
+			{table_name: 'recent_mentions', row_key: 'rm-hour'},
+			{table_name: 'users', row_key: 'user'},
+		]);
+
+		const exact = await raw.query<{row_key: string; exact: boolean; unchanged: boolean | null}>(
+			`SELECT row_key,
+	expires_at = updated_at + CASE table_name WHEN 'recent_mentions' THEN interval '7 days' WHEN 'attachment_upload_traces_by_key' THEN interval '30 days' ELSE interval '90 days' END AS exact,
+	CASE WHEN row_key = 'rm-day' THEN updated_at = $1::timestamptz END AS unchanged
+FROM ${KV_TABLE}
+WHERE row_key IN ('rm-day', 'at-29', 'ip-day')
+ORDER BY row_key`,
+			[mentionWrittenAt],
+		);
+		expect(exact.rows).toEqual([
+			{row_key: 'at-29', exact: true, unchanged: null},
+			{row_key: 'ip-day', exact: true, unchanged: null},
+			{row_key: 'rm-day', exact: true, unchanged: true},
+		]);
+		const untouched = await raw.query<{row_key: string; state: string}>(
+			`SELECT row_key, CASE WHEN expires_at IS NULL THEN 'unset' WHEN expires_at = 'infinity' THEN 'forever' ELSE 'set' END AS state
+FROM ${KV_TABLE}
+WHERE row_key IN ('job', 'user', 'rm-forever', 'rm-hour')
+ORDER BY row_key`,
+		);
+		expect(untouched.rows).toEqual([
+			{row_key: 'job', state: 'unset'},
+			{row_key: 'rm-forever', state: 'forever'},
+			{row_key: 'rm-hour', state: 'set'},
+			{row_key: 'user', state: 'unset'},
+		]);
+
+		expect(await markerCount()).toBe(0);
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 0,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await markerCount()).toBe(1);
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	it('checks again a day after a clean pass', async () => {
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 0,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toBeNull();
+
+		await seed('recent_mentions', 'rm-rolled-back', '1 day');
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toBeNull();
+		const before = await raw.query(`SELECT expires_at FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE row_key = 'rm-rolled-back'`);
+		expect(before.rows).toEqual([{expires_at: null}]);
+
+		await ageMarker();
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 1,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 0,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	it('pages through more rows than one page holds and stops at its deadline', async () => {
+		await raw.query(
+			`INSERT INTO ${KV_TABLE} (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data, updated_at)
+SELECT 'recent_mentions', 'rm-' || lpad(g::text, 5, '0'), 'rm-' || lpad(g::text, 5, '0'), '{}'::jsonb, now() - interval '1 day'
+FROM generate_series(1, 2300) g`,
+		);
+
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() - 1)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 0,
+			complete: false,
+		});
+		expect(await markerCount()).toBe(0);
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 2300,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		const unset = await raw.query<{n: number}>(
+			`SELECT count(*)::int AS n FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name = 'recent_mentions' AND expires_at IS NULL`,
+		);
+		expect(unset.rows[0]).toEqual({n: 0});
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 0,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	it('saves where a run stopped and starts the next run there', async () => {
+		const first = DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES[0]!.name;
+		const last = DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES.at(-1)!.name;
+		await seed(first, 'a', '1 hour');
+		await seed(first, 'z', '1 hour');
+		await seed(last, 'k', '1 hour');
+
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() - 1)).toEqual({deleted: 0, expiring: 0, complete: false});
+		expect(await resumePoint()).toEqual({table: first, row_key: '', unset: 0});
+
+		await raw.query(
+			`UPDATE ${KV_TABLE} SET row_data = jsonb_build_object('table', $1::text, 'row_key', 'm', 'unset', 0) WHERE table_name = '__fluxer_schema_migrations' AND row_key = $2`,
+			[first, DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME],
+		);
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 2,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		const untouched = await raw.query<{expires_at: Date | null}>(
+			`SELECT expires_at FROM ${KV_TABLE} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_key = 'a'`,
+			[first],
+		);
+		expect(untouched.rows).toEqual([{expires_at: null}]);
+		expect(await resumePoint()).toBeNull();
+		expect(await markerCount()).toBe(0);
+
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 1,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(raw, Date.now() + 60_000)).toEqual({
+			deleted: 0,
+			expiring: 0,
+			complete: true,
+		});
+		expect(await markerCount()).toBe(1);
+	});
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+import {
+	POSTGRES_KV_MIGRATION_TABLE,
+	postgresKvPassIsFresh,
+	recordPostgresKvCleanPass,
+} from '@app/api/database/PostgresKvQueryExecutor';
+import * as DonationTables from '@app/api/donation/DonationTables';
+import * as Tables from '@app/api/Tables';
+import {IPINFO_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS, IPINFO_REQUEST_AUDIT_TTL_SECONDS} from '@pkgs/geoip/src/PostgresIpInfoKv';
+import {type IPostgresClient, quoteIdentifier} from '@pkgs/postgres/src/Client';
+import {ms} from 'itty-time';
+
+const DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_MARKER = 'default_ttl_expiry_v1';
+export const DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME = 'default_ttl_expiry_v1_resume';
+const PAGE_SIZE = 2000;
+const CLEAN_PASS_INTERVAL_MS = ms('1 day');
+const OWN_EXPIRY_PASS = new Set<string>([Tables.JobsById.name, Tables.JobsByDayBucket.name]);
+
+export const DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES: ReadonlyArray<{name: string; defaultTtlSeconds: number}> = [
+	...[...Object.values(Tables), ...Object.values(DonationTables)].flatMap((table) =>
+		table.defaultTtlSeconds === undefined || OWN_EXPIRY_PASS.has(table.name)
+			? []
+			: [{name: table.name, defaultTtlSeconds: table.defaultTtlSeconds}],
+	),
+	{name: 'ipinfo_cache', defaultTtlSeconds: IPINFO_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS},
+	{name: 'ipinfo_requests_by_hour', defaultTtlSeconds: IPINFO_REQUEST_AUDIT_TTL_SECONDS},
+];
+
+export interface LegacyDefaultTtlExpiryResult {
+	deleted: number;
+	expiring: number;
+	complete: boolean;
+}
+
+interface ResumePoint {
+	table: string;
+	rowKey: string;
+	unset: number;
+}
+
+async function readResumePoint(client: IPostgresClient, kvTable: string): Promise<ResumePoint | null> {
+	const result = await client.query<{row_data: Record<string, unknown>}>(
+		`SELECT row_data FROM ${kvTable} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_key = $2`,
+		[POSTGRES_KV_MIGRATION_TABLE, DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME],
+	);
+	const data = result.rows[0]?.row_data;
+	if (typeof data?.table !== 'string' || typeof data.row_key !== 'string' || typeof data.unset !== 'number') {
+		return null;
+	}
+	return {table: data.table, rowKey: data.row_key, unset: data.unset};
+}
+
+async function writeResumePoint(client: IPostgresClient, kvTable: string, point: ResumePoint | null): Promise<void> {
+	if (point === null) {
+		await client.query(`DELETE FROM ${kvTable} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_key = $2`, [
+			POSTGRES_KV_MIGRATION_TABLE,
+			DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME,
+		]);
+		return;
+	}
+	await client.query(
+		`INSERT INTO ${kvTable} (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data)
+VALUES ($1, $2, $2, jsonb_build_object('table', $3::text, 'row_key', $4::text, 'unset', $5::bigint))
+ON CONFLICT (table_name, row_key) DO UPDATE SET row_data = EXCLUDED.row_data, updated_at = now()`,
+		[POSTGRES_KV_MIGRATION_TABLE, DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_RESUME, point.table, point.rowKey, point.unset],
+	);
+}
+
+function pageSql(table: string): string {
+	return `
+WITH page AS (
+	SELECT kv.row_key, kv.expires_at IS NULL AS unset
+	FROM ${table} kv
+	WHERE kv.table_name = $1 AND kv.row_key > $2
+	ORDER BY kv.row_key
+	LIMIT $3
+), removed AS (
+	DELETE FROM ${table} kv
+	USING page
+	WHERE kv.table_name = $1 AND kv.row_key = page.row_key AND kv.expires_at IS NULL
+		AND kv.updated_at + make_interval(secs => $4::double precision) <= now()
+	RETURNING 1
+), expiring AS (
+	UPDATE ${table} kv
+	SET expires_at = kv.updated_at + make_interval(secs => $4::double precision)
+	FROM page
+	WHERE kv.table_name = $1 AND kv.row_key = page.row_key AND kv.expires_at IS NULL
+		AND kv.updated_at + make_interval(secs => $4::double precision) > now()
+	RETURNING 1
+)
+SELECT
+	(SELECT max(row_key) FROM page) AS last_row_key,
+	(SELECT count(*) FROM page WHERE unset) AS unset,
+	(SELECT count(*) FROM removed) AS deleted,
+	(SELECT count(*) FROM expiring) AS expiring`;
+}
+
+export async function expireLegacyDefaultTtlRows(
+	client: IPostgresClient,
+	deadlineMs: number,
+): Promise<LegacyDefaultTtlExpiryResult | null> {
+	if (await postgresKvPassIsFresh(client, DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_MARKER, CLEAN_PASS_INTERVAL_MS)) {
+		return null;
+	}
+	const kvTable = quoteIdentifier(client.kvTable());
+	const sql = pageSql(kvTable);
+	const resume = await readResumePoint(client, kvTable);
+	const resumeIndex = resume === null ? -1 : DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES.findIndex((target) => target.name === resume.table);
+	let unset = resumeIndex < 0 ? 0 : resume!.unset;
+	let deleted = 0;
+	let expiring = 0;
+	for (let index = Math.max(resumeIndex, 0); index < DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES.length; index += 1) {
+		const target = DEFAULT_TTL_TABLES[index]!;
+		let cursor = index === resumeIndex ? resume!.rowKey : '';
+		for (;;) {
+			if (Date.now() >= deadlineMs) {
+				await writeResumePoint(client, kvTable, {table: target.name, rowKey: cursor, unset});
+				return {deleted, expiring, complete: false};
+			}
+			const result = await client.query<{
+				last_row_key: string | null;
+				unset: string;
+				deleted: string;
+				expiring: string;
+			}>(sql, [target.name, cursor, PAGE_SIZE, target.defaultTtlSeconds]);
+			const page = result.rows[0];
+			if (!page || page.last_row_key === null) {
+				break;
+			}
+			unset += Number(page.unset);
+			deleted += Number(page.deleted);
+			expiring += Number(page.expiring);
+			cursor = page.last_row_key;
+		}
+	}
+	await writeResumePoint(client, kvTable, null);
+	if (unset === 0) {
+		await recordPostgresKvCleanPass(client, DEFAULT_TTL_EXPIRY_MARKER);
+	}
+	return {deleted, expiring, complete: true};
+}
@@ -89,6 +89,28 @@ const NUMERIC_ROW_KEY_NUMBER_PATTERN = '^(-?[0-9]+(?:\\.[0-9]+)?(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9
 const EXPIRED_STORED_ROW = 'kv.expires_at IS NOT NULL AND kv.expires_at <= now()';
 const MERGED_ROW_DATA = `CASE WHEN ${EXPIRED_STORED_ROW} THEN EXCLUDED.row_data ELSE kv.row_data || EXCLUDED.row_data END`;
 const KEPT_EXPIRES_AT = `CASE WHEN ${EXPIRED_STORED_ROW} THEN NULL ELSE kv.expires_at END`;
+const NO_EXPIRY = 'infinity';
+
+export async function postgresKvPassIsFresh(
+	client: IPostgresClient,
+	marker: string,
+	maxAgeMs: number,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+	const result = await client.query(
+		`SELECT 1 FROM ${quoteIdentifier(client.kvTable())} WHERE table_name = $1 AND row_key = $2 AND (row_data ->> 'applied_at')::timestamptz > now() - make_interval(secs => $3::double precision)`,
+		[POSTGRES_KV_MIGRATION_TABLE, marker, maxAgeMs / 1000],
+	);
+	return result.rows.length > 0;
+}
+
+export async function recordPostgresKvCleanPass(client: IPostgresClient, marker: string): Promise<void> {
+	await client.query(
+		`INSERT INTO ${quoteIdentifier(client.kvTable())} (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data)
+VALUES ($1, $2, $2, jsonb_build_object('applied_at', now()))
+ON CONFLICT (table_name, row_key) DO UPDATE SET row_data = EXCLUDED.row_data, updated_at = now()`,
+		[POSTGRES_KV_MIGRATION_TABLE, marker],
+	);
+}

 function numericRowKeyExpr(column: string): string {
 	return `(COALESCE(substring(${column} from '${NUMERIC_ROW_KEY_BIGINT_PATTERN}'), substring(${column} from '${NUMERIC_ROW_KEY_NUMBER_PATTERN}'))::numeric)`;
@@ -333,20 +355,21 @@ function projectRow(row: Row, columns: ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined): Row {
 	return projected;
 }

-function rowComparator(meta: KvQueryMeta): (left: Row, right: Row) => number {
-	if (meta.orderBy) {
-		const column = meta.orderBy.col as string;
-		const direction = meta.orderBy.direction === 'DESC' ? -1 : 1;
-		return (left, right) => compareValues(left[column], right[column]) * direction;
+function compareColumns(columns: ReadonlyArray<string>, left: Row, right: Row): number {
+	for (const column of columns) {
+		const cmp = compareValues(left[column], right[column]);
+		if (cmp !== 0) return cmp;
 	}
-	const columns = meta.table.primaryKey as ReadonlyArray<string>;
-	return (left, right) => {
-		for (const column of columns) {
-			const cmp = compareValues(left[column], right[column]);
-			if (cmp !== 0) return cmp;
-		}
-		return 0;
-	};
+	return 0;
+}
+
+function rowComparator(meta: KvQueryMeta): (left: Row, right: Row) => number {
+	const primaryKey = meta.table.primaryKey as ReadonlyArray<string>;
+	if (!meta.orderBy) return (left, right) => compareColumns(primaryKey, left, right);
+	const column = meta.orderBy.col as string;
+	const columns = [column, ...primaryKey.slice(primaryKey.indexOf(column) + 1)];
+	const direction = meta.orderBy.direction === 'DESC' ? -1 : 1;
+	return (left, right) => compareColumns(columns, left, right) * direction;
 }

 function sortRows(meta: KvQueryMeta, rows: Array<Row>): Array<Row> {
@@ -679,7 +702,7 @@ function logFullScan(meta: KvQueryMeta): void {
 	logWarn({table: meta.table.name, action: meta.action, where: shape.summary || 'none'}, 'Postgres KV full table scan');
 }

-function ttlExpiresAt(meta: KvQueryMeta, params: CassandraParams): Date | null | undefined {
+function ttlExpiresAt(meta: KvQueryMeta, params: CassandraParams): Date | typeof NO_EXPIRY | null | undefined {
 	const ttlParam = meta.ttlParamName;
 	if (!ttlParam) return undefined;
 	const ttlRaw = params[ttlParam];
@@ -687,7 +710,13 @@ function ttlExpiresAt(meta: KvQueryMeta, params: CassandraParams): Date | null |
 		throw new Error(`TTL parameter ${ttlParam} must be a number`);
 	}
 	const ttlSeconds = validateTtlSeconds(ttlRaw);
-	return ttlSeconds === 0 ? null : new Date(Date.now() + ttlSeconds * 1000);
+	if (ttlSeconds === 0) return meta.table.defaultTtlSeconds === undefined ? null : NO_EXPIRY;
+	return new Date(Date.now() + ttlSeconds * 1000);
+}
+
+function defaultExpiresAt(meta: KvQueryMeta): Date | undefined {
+	const ttlSeconds = meta.table.defaultTtlSeconds;
+	return ttlSeconds === undefined ? undefined : new Date(Date.now() + ttlSeconds * 1000);
 }

 function encodePageState(pageState: PageState): string {
@@ -1191,7 +1220,8 @@ export class PostgresKvQueryExecutor {
 				'kv_del_expired',
 			);
 		}
-		const expiresAt = ttlExpiresAt(meta, params) ?? null;
+		const explicit = ttlExpiresAt(meta, params);
+		const expiresAt = explicit === undefined ? (defaultExpiresAt(meta) ?? null) : explicit;
 		const result = await db.query(
 			`INSERT INTO ${this.table} AS kv (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data, expires_at, updated_at)
 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4::jsonb, $5, now())
@@ -1244,10 +1274,14 @@ WHERE NOT $6`,
 			}
 			bindings.push(JSON.stringify(encodeRow(paramsRow(params, meta.patchKeys))));
 			const assignments = [`row_data = kv.row_data || $${bindings.length}::jsonb`, 'updated_at = now()'];
-			const expiresAt = ttlExpiresAt(meta, params);
-			if (expiresAt !== undefined) {
-				bindings.push(expiresAt);
+			const explicit = ttlExpiresAt(meta, params);
+			const fallback = explicit === undefined ? defaultExpiresAt(meta) : undefined;
+			if (explicit !== undefined) {
+				bindings.push(explicit);
 				assignments.push(`expires_at = $${bindings.length}`);
+			} else if (fallback !== undefined) {
+				bindings.push(fallback);
+				assignments.push(`expires_at = GREATEST(kv.expires_at, $${bindings.length}::timestamptz)`);
 			}
 			sql = `UPDATE ${this.table} kv SET ${assignments.join(', ')} WHERE ${where}`;
 		}
@@ -1346,15 +1380,27 @@ WHERE NOT $6`,
 		for (const column of meta.patchKeys ?? []) {
 			incoming[column] = column in params ? params[column] : null;
 		}
-		const ttl = ttlExpiresAt(meta, params);
-		const expiresAtExpr = ttl === undefined ? KEPT_EXPIRES_AT : 'EXCLUDED.expires_at';
+		const explicit = ttlExpiresAt(meta, params);
+		const fallback = explicit === undefined ? defaultExpiresAt(meta) : undefined;
+		const [expiresAtExpr, statementName] =
+			explicit !== undefined
+				? ['EXCLUDED.expires_at', 'kv_patch_set_ttl']
+				: fallback !== undefined
+					? ['GREATEST(kv.expires_at, EXCLUDED.expires_at)', 'kv_patch_default_ttl']
+					: [KEPT_EXPIRES_AT, 'kv_patch_keep_ttl'];
 		await db.query(
 			`INSERT INTO ${this.table} AS kv (table_name, partition_key, row_key, row_data, expires_at, updated_at)
 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4::jsonb, $5, now())
 ON CONFLICT (table_name, row_key)
 DO UPDATE SET partition_key = EXCLUDED.partition_key, row_data = ${MERGED_ROW_DATA}, expires_at = ${expiresAtExpr}, updated_at = now()`,
-			[meta.table.name, partitionKey(meta, incoming), key, JSON.stringify(encodeRow(incoming)), ttl ?? null],
-			ttl === undefined ? 'kv_patch_keep_ttl' : 'kv_patch_set_ttl',
+			[
+				meta.table.name,
+				partitionKey(meta, incoming),
+				key,
+				JSON.stringify(encodeRow(incoming)),
+				explicit ?? fallback ?? null,
+			],
+			statementName,
 		);
 	}

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
HampusandGitHub	677ef8491e	fix(desktop): back off failed app loads and offer a retry (#2980 )	2026-09-27 16:18:01 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	6a6119ed1e	fix(push): preview forwarded message content (#2979 )	2026-09-27 13:33:22 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	931327d1dc	fix(push): stop sending notifications for system messages (#2978 )	2026-09-27 13:33:18 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	858a2d9e2b	fix(oauth): stop granting scopes the user turned off (#2968 )	2026-09-26 13:48:23 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	841fb7af41	feat(auth): migrate passkeys to fluxer.com (#2964 )	2026-09-25 22:33:50 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	08e65d41c0	fix(api): clear the perks-sanitized latch when premium returns (#2963 )	2026-09-25 20:13:00 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	f76c4dc041	fix(api): cancel only the subscription the refund belongs to (#2962 )	2026-09-25 20:10:54 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	f1f8ba2031	fix(app): add copy link to link channel context menus (#2959 )	2026-09-25 18:16:20 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	5ab8d745c0	fix(i18n): correct the fluxer.com migration translations (#2958 )	2026-09-25 17:46:07 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	ff62bc89a4	feat(app): add passkey popup bridge for password managers (#2957 )	2026-09-25 17:43:19 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	838bbdb5ec	fix(app): only start the domain migration when the app opens (#2956 )	2026-09-25 16:44:58 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	1c36a59b2c	feat(app): rework quick switcher ranking and show origin icons (#2953 )	2026-09-25 13:59:25 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	6730a242db	feat(web): prepare the fluxer.com domain migration (#2952 )	2026-09-25 13:43:34 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	e62ae77643	refactor(config): trim the default passkey origin list (#2951 )	2026-09-25 13:42:02 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	f4f39e6a89	feat(app): show where forward destinations come from (#2950 )	2026-09-25 13:12:17 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	00bf74cef5	fix(app): handle swapped overwrites when comparing channels (#2949 )	2026-09-24 23:38:04 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	c1c45d835f	fix(app): only parse markdown in rich embeds (#2948 )	2026-09-24 22:50:34 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	bbfe809bef	fix(app): crop animated images on web with libwebp (#2947 )	2026-09-24 22:45:53 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	e0843ac4f5	fix(app): keep guild folder expansion state local (#2944 )	2026-09-24 17:52:33 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	43741cdad8	fix(gateway): always trim the connect snapshot for guild connects (#2943 )	2026-09-24 17:09:48 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	b8e3807262	Revert "fix(push): deliver direct messages without holding them" (#2942 )	2026-09-24 17:09:44 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	3304f01a84	chore(i18n): recompile uk error catalog (#2941 )	2026-09-24 17:09:36 +02:00
fluxer-weblate[bot]andGitHub	2ba463235b	chore(i18n): update translations from Weblate (#2909 )	2026-09-24 16:25:26 +02:00
fluxer-weblate[bot]andGitHub	15136fed59	chore(i18n): update translations from Weblate (#2923 )	2026-09-24 16:25:05 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	6013581dd9	fix(push): deliver direct messages without holding them (#2938 )	2026-09-24 16:21:42 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	7a91f128e9	fix(app-proxy): drop link preview metadata on self-hosted (#2936 )	2026-09-24 16:07:00 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	963ffc5550	feat(push): scope read clears to the enrolled cohort (#2935 )	2026-09-24 15:15:45 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	a90991612c	fix(gateway): truncate reads on an expired outbox entry (#2934 )	2026-09-24 15:04:24 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	50ad23b760	fix(api): run the notification extension on every iOS alert (#2933 )	2026-09-24 15:04:01 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	425dab983b	fix(push): restore iOS avatars and stop misrouting relay endpoints (#2932 )	2026-09-24 15:03:32 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	a0825e77c4	feat(voice): ship the screen share delivery rework to everyone (#2931 )	2026-09-24 14:57:40 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	88038a1d5b	fix(voice): stop direct input capturing microphones in stereo (#2929 )	2026-09-24 14:51:05 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	c2c0fdb445	fix(app): make corner volume control the focused stream (#2928 )	2026-09-24 14:04:05 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	dcd5f09d6a	feat(api): add env toggles for automatic phone flagging (#2927 )	2026-09-24 03:36:35 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	590b1f36fd	docs(downloads): document the canary apt and dnf repositories (#2926 )	2026-09-24 03:29:52 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	168ac727f1	fix(desktop): set the deb package synopsis (#2925 )	2026-09-24 03:29:33 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	deb86dd92e	fix(admin): format users list search hint (#2924 )	2026-09-24 02:12:37 +02:00
omsterandGitHub	7ccec4d3b8	feat(admin): hint text for * search in user page (#2922 )	2026-09-24 01:56:17 +02:00
omsterandGitHub	2f38bcdf26	fix(admin): ordering fixes for admin user search and meilisearch (#2920 )	2026-09-24 01:45:56 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	f2785941aa	fix(app): point self-hosted users at their instance admins (#2921 )	2026-09-24 01:42:33 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	ea9f83a443	fix(push): keep read-state clears alive as long as the alert (#2919 )	2026-09-24 01:26:18 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	bd6ca7290e	fix(api): allow deleting messages without send permission (#2918 )	2026-09-24 01:14:01 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	b85e975fb5	feat(push): deliver our own relay endpoints in process (#2917 )	2026-09-24 01:07:09 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	b6e504f68c	fix(push): keep device tokens out of logs (#2916 )	2026-09-24 00:33:50 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	5fde6eb484	feat(push): ring Android calls and harden the relay (#2915 )	2026-09-24 00:07:15 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	b16989d567	feat(push): ring incoming calls on Apple PushKit devices (#2911 )	2026-09-23 20:21:08 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	c9754ac11a	fix(api): exempt internal rpc from the client ip check (#2910 )	2026-09-23 18:03:36 +02:00
fluxer-weblate[bot]andGitHub	f34e4a5115	chore(i18n): update translations from Weblate (#2903 )	2026-09-23 17:28:25 +02:00
fluxer-weblate[bot]andGitHub	44b3615298	chore(i18n): update translations from Weblate (#2904 )	2026-09-23 17:27:59 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	211e98307d	perf(push): cache endpoint guard dns verdicts (#2907 )	2026-09-23 17:27:19 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	18c303abf6	feat(push): relay notifications as encrypted web push (#2906 )	2026-09-23 14:04:55 +02:00
JiraliteandGitHub	7021a58090	fix: allow copying message snapshots (#2905 )	2026-09-23 14:01:10 +02:00
WagnerandGitHub	320725a587	fix(desktop): capture full pipewire quantum on linux (#2481 )	2026-09-22 21:37:20 +02:00
fluxer-weblate[bot]andGitHub	8450edc072	chore(i18n): update translations from Weblate (#2895 )	2026-09-22 21:28:24 +02:00
omsterandGitHub	a1e2bf2c8d	feat(dev/linux): select the wayland backend when reachable in the native desktop app (#2899 ) Signed-off-by: omstr <[email protected]>	2026-09-22 21:27:59 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	82b2f4ec5e	fix(app): put jxl and other image attachments in the mosaic (#2902 )	2026-09-22 21:18:39 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	c92e5d03a7	fix(api): accept any image or video attachment as embed media (#2901 )	2026-09-22 21:18:35 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	91340c5c84	fix(markdown): compile the parser wasm asynchronously (#2900 )	2026-09-22 19:58:38 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	045dd5d027	test(api): make the harvest token tamper test deterministic (#2894 )	2026-09-22 02:20:18 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	a21b9c4659	docs(readme): clean up the download prose (#2893 )	2026-09-22 02:08:42 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	4b1b869802	docs(readme): point Linux installs at Flathub (#2892 )	2026-09-22 02:04:06 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	1ab7e7dfcc	fix(api): unfurl links to a self-hosted instance's own domain (#2891 )	2026-09-22 02:00:51 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	31c53d2dff	fix(app): stop pending stickers from reloading the channel (#2890 )	2026-09-22 02:00:26 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	412a1ae79d	perf(api): stop ledgering session payment reconciliation (#2889 )	2026-09-22 01:37:21 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	0b2306ec3d	fix(api): honour default TTLs and expire stale job ledger rows (#2887 )	2026-09-21 23:16:39 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	242ed3a934	fix(desktop): drop orphaned Squirrel uninstall entry (#2885 )	2026-09-21 20:03:33 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	70e1ce682a	feat(emoji): add Unicode 17 emoji and fix mixed skin tones (#2883 )	2026-09-21 16:26:06 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	7601bf98ee	fix(channel): sync a cleared group DM name without a reload (#2882 )	2026-09-21 15:34:18 +02:00
Tarek GitHub Hampus	c7ec2a0f58	chore(tooling): Ignore `.vscode/` in .gitignore (#2868 ) Co-authored-by: Hampus <[email protected]>	2026-09-21 13:29:33 +02:00
XeonandGitHub	6a5e0056a8	fix(flatpak): Add a release tag and make small corrections (#2872 )	2026-09-21 13:28:36 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	78d105b46e	fix(desktop): stop looping on an update that never installs (#2879 )	2026-09-21 03:36:11 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	c68d62b8a0	fix(voice): darken screen share source titles in light theme (#2878 )	2026-09-21 01:20:54 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	df58020f4c	fix(api): keep premium paid for after a subscription cancels (#2875 )	2026-09-20 23:50:49 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	f052ce05aa	fix(workspace): point the Erlang extension at the repo root (#2871 )	2026-09-20 19:49:06 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	eedfd9275f	fix(api): only require permissions a channel overwrite grants (#2867 )	2026-09-20 17:56:22 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	416af4bec4	fix(docs): correct the flatpak and dnf signing instructions (#2865 )	2026-09-20 16:42:33 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	108d282ddd	chore(deps): pin pnpm 11 so the lockfile parses for packagers (#2864 )	2026-09-20 15:30:50 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	a6103244b0	docs(readme): fix the license wording and shrink the preview (#2862 )	2026-09-20 15:11:06 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	38935c83c5	docs(readme): document every download and install method (#2861 )	2026-09-20 15:05:54 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	c157ab5752	feat(voice): rework screen share delivery behind an experiment (#2859 )	2026-09-20 06:10:20 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	574a93257c	docs(downloads): the pacman repository is signed (#2858 )	2026-09-20 05:54:28 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	ba7d8781cf	feat(auth): make passkey two-factor authentication opt-in (#2857 )	2026-09-20 05:06:50 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	3256af8d92	refactor(app-proxy): remove the stable time freeze (#2856 )	2026-09-20 04:02:47 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	86043212f2	docs(downloads): one pacman repository holds both channels (#2855 )	2026-09-20 02:50:08 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	5d85e88532	fix(search): suggest yourself in DM from: and mentions: filters (#2854 )	2026-09-20 01:24:43 +02:00
HampusandGitHub	e2abfd476a	feat(api): redirect desktop downloads to pkgs (#2853 )	2026-09-20 01:20:30 +02:00