lib: Add hexdump

Often during debugging session it's very interesting to see
what data we were dealing with. For example what we write or read
to/from memory or peripherals.

This change introduces functions that allow to dump binary
data with one simple function invocation like:
------------------->8----------------
print_hex_dump_bytes("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, buf, len);
------------------->8----------------

which gives us the following:
------------------->8----------------
00000000: f2 b7 c9 88 62 61 75 64 72 61 74 65 3d 31 31 35  ....baudrate=115
00000010: 32 30 30 00 62 6f 6f 74 61 72 67 73 3d 63 6f 6e  200.bootargs=con
00000020: 73 6f 6c 65 3d 74 74 79 53 33 2c 31 31 35 32 30  sole=ttyS3,11520
00000030: 30 6e 38 00 62 6f 6f 74 64 65 6c 61 79 3d 33 00  0n8.bootdelay=3.
00000040: 62 6f 6f 74 66 69 6c 65 3d 75 49 6d 61 67 65 00  bootfile=uImage.
00000050: 66 64 74 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 61 64 64 72 3d 39  fdtcontroladdr=9
00000060: 66 66 62 31 62 61 30 00 6c 6f 61 64 61 64 64 72  ffb1ba0.loadaddr
00000070: 3d 30 78 38 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 00 73 74 64 65  =0x82000000.stde
00000080: 72 72 3d 73 65 72 69 61 6c 30 40 65 30 30 32 32  rr=serial0@e0022
00000090: 30 30 30 00 73 74 64 69 6e 3d 73 65 72 69 61 6c  000.stdin=serial
000000a0: 30 40 65 30 30 32 32 30 30 30 00 73 74 64 6f 75  0@e0022000.stdou
000000b0: 74 3d 73 65 72 69 61 6c 30 40 65 30 30 32 32 30  t=serial0@e00220
000000c0: 30 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00..............
...
------------------->8----------------

Source of hexdump.c was copied from Linux kernel v4.7-rc2.

Signed-off-by: Alexey Brodkin <abrodkin@synopsys.com>
Cc: Anatolij Gustschin <agust@denx.de>
Cc: Mario Six <mario.six@gdsys.cc>
Cc: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
Cc: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com>
Cc: Stefan Roese <sr@denx.de>
This commit is contained in:
Alexey Brodkin 2018-06-05 17:17:57 +03:00 committed by Tom Rini
parent f559180176
commit f8c987f8f1
15 changed files with 369 additions and 29 deletions

View File

@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ static int check_corruption(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr,
ubi_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
pr_err("hexdump of PEB %d offset %d, length %d",
pnum, ubi->leb_start, ubi->leb_size);
ubi_dbg_print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
ubi_dbg_print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
ubi->peb_buf, ubi->leb_size, 1);
err = 1;

View File

@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
* Author: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
*/
#include <hexdump.h>
#include <ubi_uboot.h>
#include "ubi.h"
#ifndef __UBOOT__
@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ void ubi_dump_flash(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int offset, int len)
ubi_msg(ubi, "dumping %d bytes of data from PEB %d, offset %d",
len, pnum, offset);
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1, buf, len, 1);
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1, buf, len, 1);
out:
vfree(buf);
return;
@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ void ubi_dump_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
pr_err("\timage_seq %d\n", be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->image_seq));
pr_err("\thdr_crc %#08x\n", be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->hdr_crc));
pr_err("erase counter header hexdump:\n");
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE, 1);
}
@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ void ubi_dump_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
(unsigned long long)be64_to_cpu(vid_hdr->sqnum));
pr_err("\thdr_crc %08x\n", be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->hdr_crc));
pr_err("Volume identifier header hexdump:\n");
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
vid_hdr, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE, 1);
}

View File

@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ void ubi_dump_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr);
#include <linux/random.h>
#endif
#include <hexdump.h>
#define ubi_assert(expr) do { \
if (unlikely(!(expr))) { \
pr_crit("UBI assert failed in %s at %u (pid %d)\n", \
@ -24,8 +26,8 @@ void ubi_dump_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr);
} \
} while (0)
#define ubi_dbg_print_hex_dump(l, ps, pt, r, g, b, len, a) \
print_hex_dump(l, ps, pt, r, g, b, len, a)
#define ubi_dbg_print_hex_dump(ps, pt, r, g, b, len, a) \
print_hex_dump(ps, pt, r, g, b, len, a)
#define ubi_dbg_msg(type, fmt, ...) \
pr_debug("UBI DBG " type " (pid %d): " fmt "\n", current->pid, \

View File

@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
#include <linux/err.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#else
#include <hexdump.h>
#include <ubi_uboot.h>
#endif
@ -1353,11 +1354,11 @@ static int self_check_write(struct ubi_device *ubi, const void *buf, int pnum,
ubi_msg(ubi, "data differ at position %d", i);
ubi_msg(ubi, "hex dump of the original buffer from %d to %d",
i, i + dump_len);
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
buf + i, dump_len, 1);
ubi_msg(ubi, "hex dump of the read buffer from %d to %d",
i, i + dump_len);
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
buf1 + i, dump_len, 1);
dump_stack();
err = -EINVAL;
@ -1419,7 +1420,7 @@ int ubi_self_check_all_ff(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int offset, int len)
fail:
ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
ubi_msg(ubi, "hex dump of the %d-%d region", offset, offset + len);
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1, buf, len, 1);
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1, buf, len, 1);
err = -EINVAL;
error:
dump_stack();

View File

@ -240,6 +240,7 @@
/* #define DUMP_MSGS */
#include <config.h>
#include <hexdump.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <common.h>
#include <console.h>

View File

@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
# define dump_msg(fsg, label, buf, length) do { \
if (length < 512) { \
DBG(fsg, "%s, length %u:\n", label, length); \
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, \
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, \
16, 1, buf, length, 0); \
} \
} while (0)
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
# ifdef VERBOSE_DEBUG
# define dump_cdb(fsg) \
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "SCSI CDB: ", DUMP_PREFIX_NONE, \
print_hex_dump("SCSI CDB: ", DUMP_PREFIX_NONE, \
16, 1, (fsg)->cmnd, (fsg)->cmnd_size, 0) \
# else

View File

@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ OBJ-y += libgenwrap.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/crc32.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/ctype.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/div64.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/hexdump.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/string.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/time.o
EXT_COBJ-y += lib/vsprintf.o

View File

@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
* various local functions of those subsystems.
*/
#include <hexdump.h>
#ifndef __UBOOT__
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
@ -307,7 +309,7 @@ void ubifs_dump_node(const struct ubifs_info *c, const void *node)
/* If the magic is incorrect, just hexdump the first bytes */
if (le32_to_cpu(ch->magic) != UBIFS_NODE_MAGIC) {
pr_err("Not a node, first %zu bytes:", UBIFS_CH_SZ);
print_hex_dump(KERN_ERR, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
(void *)node, UBIFS_CH_SZ, 1);
return;
}
@ -482,7 +484,7 @@ void ubifs_dump_node(const struct ubifs_info *c, const void *node)
(int)le16_to_cpu(dn->compr_type));
pr_err("\tdata size %d\n", dlen);
pr_err("\tdata:\n");
print_hex_dump(KERN_ERR, "\t", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
print_hex_dump("\t", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
(void *)&dn->data, dlen, 0);
break;
}

View File

@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
*/
#ifdef __UBOOT__
#include <hexdump.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#endif
#include "ubifs.h"
@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ void ubifs_scanned_corruption(const struct ubifs_info *c, int lnum, int offs,
if (len > 8192)
len = 8192;
ubifs_err(c, "first %d bytes from LEB %d:%d", len, lnum, offs);
print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 4, buf, len, 1);
print_hex_dump("", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 4, buf, len, 1);
}
/**

91
include/hexdump.h Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ */
/*
* Copyright (C) 2018 Synopsys, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
*/
#ifndef HEXDUMP_H
#define HEXDUMP_H
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
enum {
DUMP_PREFIX_NONE,
DUMP_PREFIX_ADDRESS,
DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET
};
extern const char hex_asc[];
#define hex_asc_lo(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0x0f)]
#define hex_asc_hi(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0xf0) >> 4]
static inline char *hex_byte_pack(char *buf, u8 byte)
{
*buf++ = hex_asc_hi(byte);
*buf++ = hex_asc_lo(byte);
return buf;
}
/**
* hex_to_bin - convert a hex digit to its real value
* @ch: ascii character represents hex digit
*
* hex_to_bin() converts one hex digit to its actual value or -1 in case of bad
* input.
*/
static inline int hex_to_bin(char ch)
{
if ((ch >= '0') && (ch <= '9'))
return ch - '0';
ch = tolower(ch);
if ((ch >= 'a') && (ch <= 'f'))
return ch - 'a' + 10;
return -1;
}
/**
* hex2bin - convert an ascii hexadecimal string to its binary representation
* @dst: binary result
* @src: ascii hexadecimal string
* @count: result length
*
* Return 0 on success, -1 in case of bad input.
*/
static inline int hex2bin(u8 *dst, const char *src, size_t count)
{
while (count--) {
int hi = hex_to_bin(*src++);
int lo = hex_to_bin(*src++);
if ((hi < 0) || (lo < 0))
return -1;
*dst++ = (hi << 4) | lo;
}
return 0;
}
/**
* bin2hex - convert binary data to an ascii hexadecimal string
* @dst: ascii hexadecimal result
* @src: binary data
* @count: binary data length
*/
static inline char *bin2hex(char *dst, const void *src, size_t count)
{
const unsigned char *_src = src;
while (count--)
dst = hex_byte_pack(dst, *_src++);
return dst;
}
int hex_dump_to_buffer(const void *buf, size_t len, int rowsize, int groupsize,
char *linebuf, size_t linebuflen, bool ascii);
void print_hex_dump(const char *prefix_str, int prefix_type, int rowsize,
int groupsize, const void *buf, size_t len, bool ascii);
void print_hex_dump_bytes(const char *prefix_str, int prefix_type,
const void *buf, size_t len);
#endif /* HEXDUMP_H */

View File

@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ typedef unsigned long blkcnt_t;
#define init_waitqueue_head(...) do { } while (0)
#define wait_event_interruptible(...) 0
#define wake_up_interruptible(...) do { } while (0)
#define print_hex_dump(...) do { } while (0)
#define dump_stack(...) do { } while (0)
#define task_pid_nr(x) 0

View File

@ -285,6 +285,11 @@ config ERRNO_STR
- if errno is null or positive number - a pointer to "Success" message
- if errno is negative - a pointer to errno related message
config HEXDUMP
bool "Enable hexdump"
help
This enables functions for printing dumps of binary data.
config OF_LIBFDT
bool "Enable the FDT library"
default y if OF_CONTROL

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@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_REGEX) += slre.o
obj-y += string.o
obj-y += tables_csum.o
obj-y += time.o
obj-y += hexdump.o
obj-$(CONFIG_TRACE) += trace.o
obj-$(CONFIG_LIB_UUID) += uuid.o
obj-$(CONFIG_LIB_RAND) += rand.o

245
lib/hexdump.c Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
/*
* lib/hexdump.c
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. See README and COPYING for
* more details.
*/
#include <common.h>
#include <hexdump.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/compat.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <asm/unaligned.h>
const char hex_asc[] = "0123456789abcdef";
const char hex_asc_upper[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
#ifdef CONFIG_HEXDUMP
/**
* hex_dump_to_buffer - convert a blob of data to "hex ASCII" in memory
* @buf: data blob to dump
* @len: number of bytes in the @buf
* @rowsize: number of bytes to print per line; must be 16 or 32
* @groupsize: number of bytes to print at a time (1, 2, 4, 8; default = 1)
* @linebuf: where to put the converted data
* @linebuflen: total size of @linebuf, including space for terminating NUL
* @ascii: include ASCII after the hex output
*
* hex_dump_to_buffer() works on one "line" of output at a time, i.e.,
* 16 or 32 bytes of input data converted to hex + ASCII output.
*
* Given a buffer of u8 data, hex_dump_to_buffer() converts the input data
* to a hex + ASCII dump at the supplied memory location.
* The converted output is always NUL-terminated.
*
* E.g.:
* hex_dump_to_buffer(frame->data, frame->len, 16, 1,
* linebuf, sizeof(linebuf), true);
*
* example output buffer:
* 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
*
* Return:
* The amount of bytes placed in the buffer without terminating NUL. If the
* output was truncated, then the return value is the number of bytes
* (excluding the terminating NUL) which would have been written to the final
* string if enough space had been available.
*/
int hex_dump_to_buffer(const void *buf, size_t len, int rowsize, int groupsize,
char *linebuf, size_t linebuflen, bool ascii)
{
const u8 *ptr = buf;
int ngroups;
u8 ch;
int j, lx = 0;
int ascii_column;
int ret;
if (rowsize != 16 && rowsize != 32)
rowsize = 16;
if (len > rowsize) /* limit to one line at a time */
len = rowsize;
if (!is_power_of_2(groupsize) || groupsize > 8)
groupsize = 1;
if ((len % groupsize) != 0) /* no mixed size output */
groupsize = 1;
ngroups = len / groupsize;
ascii_column = rowsize * 2 + rowsize / groupsize + 1;
if (!linebuflen)
goto overflow1;
if (!len)
goto nil;
if (groupsize == 8) {
const u64 *ptr8 = buf;
for (j = 0; j < ngroups; j++) {
ret = snprintf(linebuf + lx, linebuflen - lx,
"%s%16.16llx", j ? " " : "",
get_unaligned(ptr8 + j));
if (ret >= linebuflen - lx)
goto overflow1;
lx += ret;
}
} else if (groupsize == 4) {
const u32 *ptr4 = buf;
for (j = 0; j < ngroups; j++) {
ret = snprintf(linebuf + lx, linebuflen - lx,
"%s%8.8x", j ? " " : "",
get_unaligned(ptr4 + j));
if (ret >= linebuflen - lx)
goto overflow1;
lx += ret;
}
} else if (groupsize == 2) {
const u16 *ptr2 = buf;
for (j = 0; j < ngroups; j++) {
ret = snprintf(linebuf + lx, linebuflen - lx,
"%s%4.4x", j ? " " : "",
get_unaligned(ptr2 + j));
if (ret >= linebuflen - lx)
goto overflow1;
lx += ret;
}
} else {
for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
if (linebuflen < lx + 2)
goto overflow2;
ch = ptr[j];
linebuf[lx++] = hex_asc_hi(ch);
if (linebuflen < lx + 2)
goto overflow2;
linebuf[lx++] = hex_asc_lo(ch);
if (linebuflen < lx + 2)
goto overflow2;
linebuf[lx++] = ' ';
}
if (j)
lx--;
}
if (!ascii)
goto nil;
while (lx < ascii_column) {
if (linebuflen < lx + 2)
goto overflow2;
linebuf[lx++] = ' ';
}
for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
if (linebuflen < lx + 2)
goto overflow2;
ch = ptr[j];
linebuf[lx++] = (isascii(ch) && isprint(ch)) ? ch : '.';
}
nil:
linebuf[lx] = '\0';
return lx;
overflow2:
linebuf[lx++] = '\0';
overflow1:
return ascii ? ascii_column + len : (groupsize * 2 + 1) * ngroups - 1;
}
/**
* print_hex_dump - print a text hex dump to syslog for a binary blob of data
* @prefix_str: string to prefix each line with;
* caller supplies trailing spaces for alignment if desired
* @prefix_type: controls whether prefix of an offset, address, or none
* is printed (%DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, %DUMP_PREFIX_ADDRESS, %DUMP_PREFIX_NONE)
* @rowsize: number of bytes to print per line; must be 16 or 32
* @groupsize: number of bytes to print at a time (1, 2, 4, 8; default = 1)
* @buf: data blob to dump
* @len: number of bytes in the @buf
* @ascii: include ASCII after the hex output
*
* Given a buffer of u8 data, print_hex_dump() prints a hex + ASCII dump
* to the stdio, with an optional leading prefix.
*
* print_hex_dump() works on one "line" of output at a time, i.e.,
* 16 or 32 bytes of input data converted to hex + ASCII output.
* print_hex_dump() iterates over the entire input @buf, breaking it into
* "line size" chunks to format and print.
*
* E.g.:
* print_hex_dump("raw data: ", DUMP_PREFIX_ADDRESS, 16, 1, frame->data,
* frame->len, true);
*
* Example output using %DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET and 1-byte mode:
* 0009ab42: 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
* Example output using %DUMP_PREFIX_ADDRESS and 4-byte mode:
* ffffffff88089af0: 73727170 77767574 7b7a7978 7f7e7d7c pqrstuvwxyz{|}~.
*/
void print_hex_dump(const char *prefix_str, int prefix_type, int rowsize,
int groupsize, const void *buf, size_t len, bool ascii)
{
const u8 *ptr = buf;
int i, linelen, remaining = len;
char linebuf[32 * 3 + 2 + 32 + 1];
if (rowsize != 16 && rowsize != 32)
rowsize = 16;
for (i = 0; i < len; i += rowsize) {
linelen = min(remaining, rowsize);
remaining -= rowsize;
hex_dump_to_buffer(ptr + i, linelen, rowsize, groupsize,
linebuf, sizeof(linebuf), ascii);
switch (prefix_type) {
case DUMP_PREFIX_ADDRESS:
printf("%s%p: %s\n", prefix_str, ptr + i, linebuf);
break;
case DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET:
printf("%s%.8x: %s\n", prefix_str, i, linebuf);
break;
default:
printf("%s%s\n", prefix_str, linebuf);
break;
}
}
}
/**
* print_hex_dump_bytes - shorthand form of print_hex_dump() with default params
* @prefix_str: string to prefix each line with;
* caller supplies trailing spaces for alignment if desired
* @prefix_type: controls whether prefix of an offset, address, or none
* is printed (%DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, %DUMP_PREFIX_ADDRESS, %DUMP_PREFIX_NONE)
* @buf: data blob to dump
* @len: number of bytes in the @buf
*
* Calls print_hex_dump(), rowsize of 16, groupsize of 1,
* and ASCII output included.
*/
void print_hex_dump_bytes(const char *prefix_str, int prefix_type,
const void *buf, size_t len)
{
print_hex_dump(prefix_str, prefix_type, 16, 1, buf, len, true);
}
#else
/*
* Some code in U-Boot copy-pasted from Linux kernel uses both
* functions below so to keep stuff compilable we keep these stubs here.
*/
void print_hex_dump(const char *prefix_str, int prefix_type,
int rowsize, int groupsize, const void *buf,
size_t len, bool ascii)
{
}
void print_hex_dump_bytes(const char *prefix_str, int prefix_type,
const void *buf, size_t len)
{
}
#endif /* CONFIG_HEXDUMP */

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@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
#include <charset.h>
#include <efi_loader.h>
#include <div64.h>
#include <hexdump.h>
#include <uuid.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
@ -315,17 +316,6 @@ static char *device_path_string(char *buf, char *end, void *dp, int field_width,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NET
static const char hex_asc[] = "0123456789abcdef";
#define hex_asc_lo(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0x0f)]
#define hex_asc_hi(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0xf0) >> 4]
static inline char *pack_hex_byte(char *buf, u8 byte)
{
*buf++ = hex_asc_hi(byte);
*buf++ = hex_asc_lo(byte);
return buf;
}
static char *mac_address_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
int precision, int flags)
{
@ -335,7 +325,7 @@ static char *mac_address_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[i]);
p = hex_byte_pack(p, addr[i]);
if (!(flags & SPECIAL) && i != 5)
*p++ = ':';
}
@ -354,8 +344,8 @@ static char *ip6_addr_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[2 * i]);
p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[2 * i + 1]);
p = hex_byte_pack(p, addr[2 * i]);
p = hex_byte_pack(p, addr[2 * i + 1]);
if (!(flags & SPECIAL) && i != 7)
*p++ = ':';
}